Teletrabajo y estrés laboral en organizaciones con trabajo híbrido
Palabras clave:
teletrabajo, trabajo híbrido, intensidad del teletrabajo, estrés laboral, bienestar
Resumen
El trabajo híbrido ha intensificado la coordinación mediada por tecnologías y reconfigurado riesgos psicosociales asociados al estrés laboral. Este estudio estimó la relación entre la intensidad de teletrabajo (porcentaje de tiempo remoto semanal) y el estrés en trabajadores híbridos, y derivó un umbral operativo útil para gestión preventiva. Se realizó un estudio cuantitativo transversal en empresas privadas de Lima Metropolitana, Perú (agosto–octubre de 2025), con 325 cuestionarios válidos. El estrés se evaluó con la PSS-10. La intensidad de teletrabajo mostró capacidad moderada para identificar estrés elevado y el umbral óptimo se ubicó alrededor de 70% del tiempo remoto (≈ 3.5 días/semana). Los análisis multivariados evidenciaron un patrón curvilíneo: menor estrés en intensidades intermedias y aumento por encima del umbral. En conjunto, la intensidad de teletrabajo puede emplearse como indicador simple para orientar la vigilancia de riesgos psicosociales y el diseño de reglas de conectividad en esquemas híbridos.
Citas
Adamson, M. M., Phillips, A., Seenivasan, S., Martinez, J., Grewal, H., Kang, X., Coetzee, J., Luttenbacher, I., Jester, A., Harris, O. A., & Spiegel, D. (2020). International Prevalence and Correlates of Psychological Stress during the Global COVID-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(24), 9248. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249248
Bailenson, J. N. (2021). Nonverbal overload: A theoretical argument for the causes of Zoom fatigue. Technology, Mind, and Behavior, 2(1), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1037/tmb0000030
Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2007). The Job Demands-Resources model: State of the art. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 22(3), 309-328. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940710733115
Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2017). Job demands–resources theory: Taking stock and looking forward. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 22(3), 273-285. https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000056
Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Sanz-Vergel, A. (2023). Job Demands–Resources Theory: Ten Years Later. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 10(1), 25-53. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-120920-053933
Banerjee, P., & Gupta, R. (2024). A mixed-method exploration of effects of technostress on remote / hybrid working professionals. Computers in Human Behavior, 150, 107974. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107974
Beckel, J. L. O., & Fisher, G. G. (2022). Telework and Worker Health and Well-Being: A Review and Recommendations for Research and Practice. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(7), 3879. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19073879
Bloom, N., Han, R., & Liang, J. (2024). Hybrid working from home improves retention without damaging performance. Nature, 630(8018), 920-925. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07500-2
Chiang, N.-T., Kao, R.-H., Ma, H.-Y., & Cho, C.-C. (2025). The impact of after-hours messaging on job stress and burnout among Taiwan’s border police: The roles of social support and coping strategies. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 12(1), 587. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-025-04827-7
Cianci, J., Weibel, D., & Elfering, A. (2024). Measuring Work Demands and Resources of Digitalisation: The ICT Resources and Stressors Scale. Swiss Psychology Open, 4(1), 4. https://doi.org/10.5334/spo.59
Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24(4), 385-396. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2136404
Dale, G., Wilson, H. K., & Tucker, M. (2024). What is healthy hybrid work? Exploring employee perceptions on wellbeing and hybrid work arrangements. International Journal of Workplace Health Management, 17(4), 335-352. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJWHM-03-2024-0041
Demerouti, E., & Bakker, A. B. (2023). Job demands-resources theory in times of crises: New propositions. Organizational Psychology Review, 13(3), 209-236. https://doi.org/10.1177/20413866221135022
Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., Nachreiner, F., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2001). The job demands-resources model of burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(3), 499-512. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.86.3.499
Eurofound. (2022). The rise in telework: Impact on working conditions and regulations. Publications Office. https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2806/069206
Fauville, G., Luo, M., Queiroz, A. C. M., Bailenson, J. N., & Hancock, J. (2021). Zoom Exhaustion & Fatigue Scale. Computers in Human Behavior Reports, 4, 100119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chbr.2021.100119
Figueiredo, E., Margaça, C., Hernández-Sánchez, B., & Sánchez-García, J. C. (2024). Teleworking Effects on Mental Health—A Systematic Review and a Research Agenda. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 21(3), 243. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21030243
Fischer, T., Reuter, M., & Riedl, R. (2021). The Digital Stressors Scale: Development and Validation of a New Survey Instrument to Measure Digital Stress Perceptions in the Workplace Context. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 607598. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.607598
Hill, N. S., Axtell, C., Raghuram, S., & Nurmi, N. (2024). Unpacking Virtual Work’s Dual Effects on Employee Well-Being: An Integrative Review and Future Research Agenda. Journal of Management, 50(2), 752-792. https://doi.org/10.1177/01492063221131535
Hobfoll, S. E. (1989). Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American Psychologist, 44(3), 513-524. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.44.3.513
Hong, J., & Jex, S. (2022). The conditions of successful telework: Exploring the role of telepressure. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(17), 10634. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710634
Hu, X. J., Pawirosetiko, J. S., Santuzzi, A. M., & Barber, L. K. (2024). Does your job shape your experience or interpretation of workplace telepressure? Exploring measurement invariance across occupational characteristics. Computers in Human Behavior Reports, 14, 100426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chbr.2024.100426
Lauring, J., & Jonasson, C. (2025). What is hybrid work? Towards greater conceptual clarity of a common term and understanding its consequences. Human Resource Management Review, 35(1), 101044. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2024.101044
Levy, B. E., Stephens, W. A., Charak, G., Buckley, A. N., Ortega, C., & Patel, J. A. (2024). Assessing the prevalence of workplace telepressure on resident and attending physicians: A validated scale. Surgery Open Science, 20, 123-127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sopen.2024.06.004
Maurizio, R. (2021). Desafíos y oportunidades del teletrabajo en América Latina y el Caribe (Serie Panorama Laboral en América Latina y el Caribe 2021) [Nota técnica]. OIT. https://www.ilo.org/sites/default/files/wcmsp5/groups/public/@americas/@ro-lima/documents/publication/wcms_811301.pdf
Mergener, A., Rinke, T., & Entgelmeier, I. (2024). Is More Really More? Evidence of a Curvilinear Relationship between the Extent of Telework and Employees’ Temporal Alignment of Work and Private Life in Germany. Social Sciences, 13(10), 508. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci13100508
Muggeo, V. M. R. (2003). Estimating regression models with unknown break-points. Statistics in Medicine, 22(19), 3055-3071. https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.1545
Nastjuk, I., Trang, S., Grummeck-Braamt, J.-V., Adam, M. T. P., & Tarafdar, M. (2024). Integrating and synthesising technostress research: A meta-analysis on technostress creators, outcomes, and IS usage contexts. European Journal of Information Systems, 33(3), 361-382. https://doi.org/10.1080/0960085X.2022.2154712
Nayak, S., Budhwar, P., & Malik, A. (2025). Technostress of HR professionals: The darker implication of remote work transformations. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 36(10), 1666-1711. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2024.2446508
Nowrouzi-Kia, B., Haritos, A. M., Long, B.-Z. S., Atikian, C., Fiorini, L. A., Gohar, B., Howe, A., Li, Y., & Bani-Fatemi, A. (2024). Remote work transition amidst COVID-19: Impacts on presenteeism, absenteeism, and worker well-being—A scoping review. PLOS ONE, 19(7), e0307087. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0307087
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development- OECD (2021). Implications of Remote Working Adoption on Place Based Policies: A Focus on G7 Countries. OECD. https://doi.org/10.1787/b12f6b85-en
Rasulova, D., & Tanova, C. (2025). The constant ping: Examining the effects of after-hours work connectivity on employee turnover intention. Acta Psychologica, 254, 104789. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.104789
Robin, X., Turck, N., Hainard, A., Tiberti, N., Lisacek, F., Sanchez, J.-C., & Müller, M. (2011). pROC: An open-source package for R and S+ to analyze and compare ROC curves. BMC Bioinformatics, 12(1), 77. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2105-12-77
Sanjeeva Kumar, P. (2024). TECHNOSTRESS: A comprehensive literature review on dimensions, impacts, and management strategies. Computers in Human Behavior Reports, 16, 100475. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chbr.2024.100475
Semaan, R., Gamaiunova, L., Teixeira, P. P., Nater, U. M., Heinzer, R., Haba-Rubio, J., Vlerick, P., Cambier, R., & Gomez, P. (2025). Psychometric properties of telepressure measures in the workplace and private life among French-speaking employees. BMC Psychology, 13(1), 329. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-025-02616-0
Topp, C. W., Østergaard, S. D., Søndergaard, S., & Bech, P. (2015). The WHO-5 Well-Being Index: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 84(3), 167-176. https://doi.org/10.1159/000376585
Vacchiano, M., Fernandez, G., & Schmutz, R. (2024). What’s going on with teleworking? A scoping review of its effects on well-being. PLOS ONE, 19(8), e0305567. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0305567
Wang, B., Liu, Y., Qian, J., & Parker, S. K. (2021). Achieving Effective Remote Working During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Work Design Perspective. Applied Psychology, 70(1), 16-59. https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12290
Wells, J., Scheibein, F., Pais, L., Rebelo Dos Santos, N., Dalluege, C.-A., Czakert, J. P., & Berger, R. (2023). A Systematic Review of the Impact of Remote Working Referenced to the Concept of Work–Life Flow on Physical and Psychological Health. Workplace Health & Safety, 71(11), 507-521. https://doi.org/10.1177/21650799231176397
Wirth, T., Kräft, J., Marquardt, B., Harth, V., & Mache, S. (2024). Indicators of technostress, their association with burnout and the moderating role of support offers among nurses in German hospitals: A cross-sectional study. BMJ Open, 14(7), e085705. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2024-085705
World Health Organization. (2022). Healthy and Safe Telework: Technical Brief (1st ed.). https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/351282
Yang, L., Holtz, D., Jaffe, S., Suri, S., Sinha, S., Weston, J., Joyce, C., Shah, N., Sherman, K., Hecht, B., & Teevan, J. (2021). The effects of remote work on collaboration among information workers. Nature Human Behaviour, 6(1), 43-54. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-021-01196-4
Youden, W. J. (1950). Index for rating diagnostic tests. Cancer, 3(1), 32-35. https://www.scirp.org/reference/referencespapers?referenceid=878687
Bailenson, J. N. (2021). Nonverbal overload: A theoretical argument for the causes of Zoom fatigue. Technology, Mind, and Behavior, 2(1), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1037/tmb0000030
Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2007). The Job Demands-Resources model: State of the art. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 22(3), 309-328. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940710733115
Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2017). Job demands–resources theory: Taking stock and looking forward. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 22(3), 273-285. https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000056
Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Sanz-Vergel, A. (2023). Job Demands–Resources Theory: Ten Years Later. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 10(1), 25-53. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-120920-053933
Banerjee, P., & Gupta, R. (2024). A mixed-method exploration of effects of technostress on remote / hybrid working professionals. Computers in Human Behavior, 150, 107974. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107974
Beckel, J. L. O., & Fisher, G. G. (2022). Telework and Worker Health and Well-Being: A Review and Recommendations for Research and Practice. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(7), 3879. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19073879
Bloom, N., Han, R., & Liang, J. (2024). Hybrid working from home improves retention without damaging performance. Nature, 630(8018), 920-925. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07500-2
Chiang, N.-T., Kao, R.-H., Ma, H.-Y., & Cho, C.-C. (2025). The impact of after-hours messaging on job stress and burnout among Taiwan’s border police: The roles of social support and coping strategies. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 12(1), 587. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-025-04827-7
Cianci, J., Weibel, D., & Elfering, A. (2024). Measuring Work Demands and Resources of Digitalisation: The ICT Resources and Stressors Scale. Swiss Psychology Open, 4(1), 4. https://doi.org/10.5334/spo.59
Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24(4), 385-396. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2136404
Dale, G., Wilson, H. K., & Tucker, M. (2024). What is healthy hybrid work? Exploring employee perceptions on wellbeing and hybrid work arrangements. International Journal of Workplace Health Management, 17(4), 335-352. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJWHM-03-2024-0041
Demerouti, E., & Bakker, A. B. (2023). Job demands-resources theory in times of crises: New propositions. Organizational Psychology Review, 13(3), 209-236. https://doi.org/10.1177/20413866221135022
Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., Nachreiner, F., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2001). The job demands-resources model of burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(3), 499-512. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.86.3.499
Eurofound. (2022). The rise in telework: Impact on working conditions and regulations. Publications Office. https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2806/069206
Fauville, G., Luo, M., Queiroz, A. C. M., Bailenson, J. N., & Hancock, J. (2021). Zoom Exhaustion & Fatigue Scale. Computers in Human Behavior Reports, 4, 100119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chbr.2021.100119
Figueiredo, E., Margaça, C., Hernández-Sánchez, B., & Sánchez-García, J. C. (2024). Teleworking Effects on Mental Health—A Systematic Review and a Research Agenda. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 21(3), 243. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21030243
Fischer, T., Reuter, M., & Riedl, R. (2021). The Digital Stressors Scale: Development and Validation of a New Survey Instrument to Measure Digital Stress Perceptions in the Workplace Context. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 607598. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.607598
Hill, N. S., Axtell, C., Raghuram, S., & Nurmi, N. (2024). Unpacking Virtual Work’s Dual Effects on Employee Well-Being: An Integrative Review and Future Research Agenda. Journal of Management, 50(2), 752-792. https://doi.org/10.1177/01492063221131535
Hobfoll, S. E. (1989). Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American Psychologist, 44(3), 513-524. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.44.3.513
Hong, J., & Jex, S. (2022). The conditions of successful telework: Exploring the role of telepressure. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(17), 10634. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710634
Hu, X. J., Pawirosetiko, J. S., Santuzzi, A. M., & Barber, L. K. (2024). Does your job shape your experience or interpretation of workplace telepressure? Exploring measurement invariance across occupational characteristics. Computers in Human Behavior Reports, 14, 100426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chbr.2024.100426
Lauring, J., & Jonasson, C. (2025). What is hybrid work? Towards greater conceptual clarity of a common term and understanding its consequences. Human Resource Management Review, 35(1), 101044. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2024.101044
Levy, B. E., Stephens, W. A., Charak, G., Buckley, A. N., Ortega, C., & Patel, J. A. (2024). Assessing the prevalence of workplace telepressure on resident and attending physicians: A validated scale. Surgery Open Science, 20, 123-127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sopen.2024.06.004
Maurizio, R. (2021). Desafíos y oportunidades del teletrabajo en América Latina y el Caribe (Serie Panorama Laboral en América Latina y el Caribe 2021) [Nota técnica]. OIT. https://www.ilo.org/sites/default/files/wcmsp5/groups/public/@americas/@ro-lima/documents/publication/wcms_811301.pdf
Mergener, A., Rinke, T., & Entgelmeier, I. (2024). Is More Really More? Evidence of a Curvilinear Relationship between the Extent of Telework and Employees’ Temporal Alignment of Work and Private Life in Germany. Social Sciences, 13(10), 508. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci13100508
Muggeo, V. M. R. (2003). Estimating regression models with unknown break-points. Statistics in Medicine, 22(19), 3055-3071. https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.1545
Nastjuk, I., Trang, S., Grummeck-Braamt, J.-V., Adam, M. T. P., & Tarafdar, M. (2024). Integrating and synthesising technostress research: A meta-analysis on technostress creators, outcomes, and IS usage contexts. European Journal of Information Systems, 33(3), 361-382. https://doi.org/10.1080/0960085X.2022.2154712
Nayak, S., Budhwar, P., & Malik, A. (2025). Technostress of HR professionals: The darker implication of remote work transformations. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 36(10), 1666-1711. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2024.2446508
Nowrouzi-Kia, B., Haritos, A. M., Long, B.-Z. S., Atikian, C., Fiorini, L. A., Gohar, B., Howe, A., Li, Y., & Bani-Fatemi, A. (2024). Remote work transition amidst COVID-19: Impacts on presenteeism, absenteeism, and worker well-being—A scoping review. PLOS ONE, 19(7), e0307087. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0307087
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development- OECD (2021). Implications of Remote Working Adoption on Place Based Policies: A Focus on G7 Countries. OECD. https://doi.org/10.1787/b12f6b85-en
Rasulova, D., & Tanova, C. (2025). The constant ping: Examining the effects of after-hours work connectivity on employee turnover intention. Acta Psychologica, 254, 104789. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.104789
Robin, X., Turck, N., Hainard, A., Tiberti, N., Lisacek, F., Sanchez, J.-C., & Müller, M. (2011). pROC: An open-source package for R and S+ to analyze and compare ROC curves. BMC Bioinformatics, 12(1), 77. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2105-12-77
Sanjeeva Kumar, P. (2024). TECHNOSTRESS: A comprehensive literature review on dimensions, impacts, and management strategies. Computers in Human Behavior Reports, 16, 100475. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chbr.2024.100475
Semaan, R., Gamaiunova, L., Teixeira, P. P., Nater, U. M., Heinzer, R., Haba-Rubio, J., Vlerick, P., Cambier, R., & Gomez, P. (2025). Psychometric properties of telepressure measures in the workplace and private life among French-speaking employees. BMC Psychology, 13(1), 329. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-025-02616-0
Topp, C. W., Østergaard, S. D., Søndergaard, S., & Bech, P. (2015). The WHO-5 Well-Being Index: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 84(3), 167-176. https://doi.org/10.1159/000376585
Vacchiano, M., Fernandez, G., & Schmutz, R. (2024). What’s going on with teleworking? A scoping review of its effects on well-being. PLOS ONE, 19(8), e0305567. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0305567
Wang, B., Liu, Y., Qian, J., & Parker, S. K. (2021). Achieving Effective Remote Working During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Work Design Perspective. Applied Psychology, 70(1), 16-59. https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12290
Wells, J., Scheibein, F., Pais, L., Rebelo Dos Santos, N., Dalluege, C.-A., Czakert, J. P., & Berger, R. (2023). A Systematic Review of the Impact of Remote Working Referenced to the Concept of Work–Life Flow on Physical and Psychological Health. Workplace Health & Safety, 71(11), 507-521. https://doi.org/10.1177/21650799231176397
Wirth, T., Kräft, J., Marquardt, B., Harth, V., & Mache, S. (2024). Indicators of technostress, their association with burnout and the moderating role of support offers among nurses in German hospitals: A cross-sectional study. BMJ Open, 14(7), e085705. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2024-085705
World Health Organization. (2022). Healthy and Safe Telework: Technical Brief (1st ed.). https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/351282
Yang, L., Holtz, D., Jaffe, S., Suri, S., Sinha, S., Weston, J., Joyce, C., Shah, N., Sherman, K., Hecht, B., & Teevan, J. (2021). The effects of remote work on collaboration among information workers. Nature Human Behaviour, 6(1), 43-54. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-021-01196-4
Youden, W. J. (1950). Index for rating diagnostic tests. Cancer, 3(1), 32-35. https://www.scirp.org/reference/referencespapers?referenceid=878687
Publicado
2026-06-03
Cómo citar
Sanchez Soto, J. M., Liliana Ines, R. N., Guanilo Pareja, C. G., & Pareja Pera, L. Y. (2026). Teletrabajo y estrés laboral en organizaciones con trabajo híbrido. Revista Venezolana De Gerencia, 31(15), e31e1531. Recuperado a partir de https://www.produccioncientificaluz.org/index.php/rvg/article/view/45654
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