Factores de riesgo externo y agotamiento emocional en el sector avícola en Ecuador
Palabras clave:
factores de riesgo económicos, factores de riesgo ambiental, factores de riesgo social, agotamiento emocional, ecuaciones estructurales
Resumen
El estudio aborda la creciente relevancia de los riesgos externos en contextos productivos agroindustriales, particularmente en actividades altamente expuestas como la avicultura. El objetivo es analizar los factores de riesgo externo asociados al agotamiento emocional en empresarios avicultores de la provincia de Tungurahua, Ecuador. La investigación tiene un enfoque cuantitativo, no experimental y transversal, con una muestra de 254 participantes. Se empleó un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales con estimación robusta mediante bootstrapping, lo que permitió obtener inferencias válidas bajo condiciones de no normalidad multivariante. Los resultados evidencian que los factores de riesgo económicos y sociales presentaron efectos positivos y significativos sobre el agotamiento emocional, mientras que los ambientales no mostraron significancia estadística. Se concluye que los factores económicos y sociales son determinantes críticos del agotamiento emocional en los empresarios del sector avícola. Estos hallazgos fundamentan la necesidad de diseñar políticas de intervención multisectoriales que reduzcan el agotamiento emocional y fortalezcan la sostenibilidad del sector avícola de Tungurahua.
Citas
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Cuadrado, E., Jiménez, M., & Tabernero, C. (2022). Risk and protective factors of emotional exhaustion in teachers. A moderating mediation on emotional exhaustion. Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 38(2), 111–120. https://doi.org/10.5093/jwop2022a10
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Demerouti, E. (2024). Burnout: una revisión exhaustiva. Zeitschrift für Arbeitswissenschaft, 78, 492–504. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41449-024-00452-3
Dong, J., Zhang, G., & Wu, L. (2025). Life against algorithmic management: A study on burnout and its influencing factors among food delivery riders. Frontiers in Public Health, 13, 1531541. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2025.1531541
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Hwang, H., Hur, W.-M., & Shin, Y. (2020). Emotional exhaustion among the South Korean workforce before and after COVID-19. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 94(2), 371-381. https://doi.org/10.1111/papt.12309
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Márquez-Jiménez, G., & Padilla-Loredo, S. (2023). Cambio climático, género y salud mental: una revisión sistemática basada en el método PRISMA. Revista Investigium IRE: Ciencias Sociales y Humanas, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.15658/INVESTIGIUMIRE.231401.03
Martínez, M., & Fierro, E. (2018). Aplicación de la técnica PLS- SEM en la gestión del conocimiento: Un enfoque técnico práctico. RIDE. Revista Iberoamericana para la Investigación y el Desarrollo Educativo, 8(16), 130-164. http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2007-74672018000100130
Maslach, C., & Jackson, S. E. (1981). The measurement of experienced burnout. Journal of Occupational Behavior, 2(2), 99–113. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.4030020205
Maslach, C., Schaufeli, W. B., & Leiter, M. P. (2001). Job burnout. Annual Review of Psychology, 52(1), 397–422. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.397
Matabanchoy-Salazar, J. M., & Díaz-Bambula, F. (2021). Riesgos laborales en trabajadores latinoamericanos del sector agrícola: Una revisión sistemática. Universidad y Salud, 23(3), 337–350. https://doi.org/10.22267/rus.212303.248
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MAG. (2022). Informe anual del sector avícola en Ecuador. Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería. https://share.google/CLHSyM3OlwzlL4oQh
MSP & OPS. (2022). Panorama nacional de salud de los trabajadores: Encuesta de condiciones de trabajo y salud 2021–2022. Ministerio de Salud Pública del Ecuador & Organización Panamericana de la Salud. https://www.salud.gob.ec
Nyirenda, V., Chinniah, Y., & Agard, B. (2015). Identifying key factors for an occupational health and safety risk estimation tool in small and medium-size enterprises. IFAC-PapersOnLine, 48(3), 541–546. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2015.06.137
Ooh, S. L., Chua, Y. C., Tan, S. A., Gan, S. W., Pung, P. W., & Teoh, X. Y. (2025). The relationship between emotional exhaustion and organisational citizenship behaviour: Psychological capital as a moderator. Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 37(1), 75–87. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10672-023-09481-2
Petersen, J., Wendsche, J., & Melzer, M. (2023). Nurses’ emotional exhaustion: Prevalence, psychosocial risk factors and association to sick leave depending on care setting—A quantitative secondary analysis. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 79(1), 182–193. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.15471
Purc-Stephenson, R. J., Dedrick, S., & Hood, D. (2024). A multidimensional tool to measure farm stressors: development and initial validation of the farmer stress assessment tool (FSAT). BMC Psychology, 12(1), 435, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-024-01929-w
Ramírez, M. R., Ontaneda, M. P., Otero, P., Ortega-Jiménez, D., Blanco, V., & Vázquez, F. L. (2025). Burnout, associated factors, and mental health measures among Ecuadorian physicians: A cross-sectional study. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 14(7), 2465. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14072465
Rastogi, A., & Singla, H. K. (2024). Exploration of exhaustion in early-career construction professionals in India. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 31(10), 3853–3875. https://doi.org/10.1108/ECAM-10-2022-0938
Rujano, M. L., Delfín, C., Nuñez, O., & De la Rosa, Y. (2025). Impacto en la salud mental, física y social de los trabajadores agrícolas en México. Revista De Ciencias Sociales, 31, 125-137. https://doi.org/10.31876/rcs.v31i.43989
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Santiago-Torner, C. (2025). Benevolent Climates and Burnout Prevention: Strategic Insights for HR Through Job Autonomy. Administrative Sciences, 15(7), 277. https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci15070277
Shanti, R. (2020). Multivariate Data Analysis using SPSS and AMOS. MJP Publishers.
Van Zyl-Cillié, M. M., Bührmann, J. H., Blignaut, A. J., Demirtas, D., & Coetzee, S. K. (2024). A machine learning model to predict the risk factors causing feelings of burnout and emotional exhaustion amongst nursing staff in South Africa. BMC Health Services Research, 24(1),1665. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-024-12184-5
Wei, X., Wei, X., Yu, X., & Ren, F. (2024). The relationship between financial stress and job performance in China: The role of work engagement and emotional exhaustion. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 17, 2905–2917. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S446520
Xin, Z., Zhang, J., & Liu, Z. (2024). The relationship between work and family interference and service quality among Chinese social workers: The roles of emotional exhaustion and work support. The British Journal of Social Work, 54(7), 3221–3242. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcae088
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BCE. (2023). Informe anual de coyuntura económica agrícola. Banco Central del Ecuador. https://www.bce.fin.ec
Bentler, P. M. (2005). EQS 6 Structural Equations Program Manual. Encino, CA: Multivariate Software.
Byrne, B. M. (2010). Structural Equation Modeling With AMOS: Basic Concepts, Applications, and Programming, Second Edition (2nd ed.). New York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203805534
Chaves-Montero, A., Blanco-Miguel, P., & Ríos-Vizcaíno, B. (2025). Analysis of the predictors and consequential factors of emotional exhaustion among social workers: A systematic review. Healthcare, (13), 552. https://doi.org/10.3390/ healthcare13050552
CFN. (2024). Informe del sector avícola ecuatoriano. Corporación Financiera Nacional. https://www.cfn.fin.ec/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Ficha-Sectorial-Aves-de-corral.pdf
Descatha, A. (2023). Working longer goes with working in better conditions. The Lancet regional health. Europe, 28, 100634. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanepe.2023.100634
Descatha, A., & Fadel, M., (2023). Mental health of people in the agricultura sector: insight from massive database in occupational health. The Lancet regional health. Europe, 31, 100691. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanepe.2023.100691
Cuadrado, E., Jiménez, M., & Tabernero, C. (2022). Risk and protective factors of emotional exhaustion in teachers. A moderating mediation on emotional exhaustion. Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 38(2), 111–120. https://doi.org/10.5093/jwop2022a10
Demerouti, E., Bakker AB, Nachreiner F., Schaufeli WB. (2001). The job demands-resources model of burnout. Journal of applied psychology, 86(3), 499-512. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11419809/
Demerouti, E. (2024). Burnout: una revisión exhaustiva. Zeitschrift für Arbeitswissenschaft, 78, 492–504. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41449-024-00452-3
Dong, J., Zhang, G., & Wu, L. (2025). Life against algorithmic management: A study on burnout and its influencing factors among food delivery riders. Frontiers in Public Health, 13, 1531541. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2025.1531541
Evans, G. W., Li, D., & Whipple, S. S. (2013). Cumulative risk and child development. Psychological Bulletin, 139(5), 1342-1396. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031808
Folkman, S. (2013). Stress: Appraisal and Coping. En: M.D. Gellman & J. R. Turner. (Eds.) Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine. (pp.1913-1915) New York, NY: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1005-9_215
George, D., & Mallery, P. (2003). SPSS for Windows Step by Step: A Simple Guide and Reference. 11.0 Update (4th ed.). Boston: Allyn Y Bacon.
Gómez, A. R. (2021). Seguridad y salud en el trabajo en Ecuador. Archivos de prevención de riesgos laborales, 24(3), 232–239.
https://doi.org/10.12961/aprl.2021.24.03.01
Gong, Z., Sun, F., & Li, X. (2021). Perceived overqualification, emotional exhaustion, and creativity: A moderated-mediation model based on effort–reward imbalance theory. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(21), 11367. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111367
Guamán-Guevara, M. D., Ipanaqué Costilla, J., & Guamán-Guevara, F. G. (2025). Assessment of organizational commitment and psychosocial risk factors: Empirical evidence from micro-enterprises in Ecuador. Revista Venezolana de Gerencia, 30(110), 1186-1201. https://doi.org/10.52080/rvgluz.30.110.11
Grobelna, A. (2021). Emotional exhaustion and its consequences for hotel service quality: The critical role of workload and supervisor support. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 30(4), 395–418. https://doi.org/10.1080/19368623.2021.1841704
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J. & Anderson, R. E. (2010) Multivariate Data Analysis. 7th Edition, Pearson.
Hayes, A. (2017). Introduction to mediation, moderation and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. Guilford publications.
Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43(1), 115–135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8
Hu, Y., Wang, D., Xu, G., & Xu, P. (2014). The relationship between work stress and mental health in medical workers in East China. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 42(2), 237–244. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2014.42.2.237
Hulland, J. (1999). Use of partial least squares (PLS) in strategic management research: A review of four recent studies. Strategic management journal, 20(2), 195-204. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3094025
Hwang, H., Hur, W.-M., & Shin, Y. (2020). Emotional exhaustion among the South Korean workforce before and after COVID-19. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 94(2), 371-381. https://doi.org/10.1111/papt.12309
Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas y Censos- INEC. (2023). Encuesta Nacional Agropecuaria (ENA). Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas y Censos. https://www.ecuadorencifras.gob.ec
Keeton, V. F., Bell, J. F., Gottlieb, L. M., Drake, C., Pantell, M., Hessler, D., Wing, H., & Fernandez Y Garcia, E. O. (2023). Social needs and acculturation as predictors of emotional problems and perceived stress among Latinx mothers with low income. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 25(4), 755–764. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-022-01430-9
Ketkaew, C., Manglakakeeree, O., & Naruetharadhol, P. (2020). The interrelationships of work-related factors, person-environment fit, and employee turnover intention. Cogent Business & Management, 7(1), 1823580. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2020.1823580
Kiss, H., & Pikó, B. F. (2025). Risk and protective factors of student burnout among medical students: A multivariate analysis. BMC Medical Education, 25, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-025-06956-8
Landsbergis, P. A., Grzywacz, J. G., & LaMontagne, A. D. (2014). Work organization, job insecurity, and occupational health disparities. American journal of industrial medicine, 57(5), 495–515. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajim.22126
Márquez-Jiménez, G., & Padilla-Loredo, S. (2023). Cambio climático, género y salud mental: una revisión sistemática basada en el método PRISMA. Revista Investigium IRE: Ciencias Sociales y Humanas, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.15658/INVESTIGIUMIRE.231401.03
Martínez, M., & Fierro, E. (2018). Aplicación de la técnica PLS- SEM en la gestión del conocimiento: Un enfoque técnico práctico. RIDE. Revista Iberoamericana para la Investigación y el Desarrollo Educativo, 8(16), 130-164. http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2007-74672018000100130
Maslach, C., & Jackson, S. E. (1981). The measurement of experienced burnout. Journal of Occupational Behavior, 2(2), 99–113. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.4030020205
Maslach, C., Schaufeli, W. B., & Leiter, M. P. (2001). Job burnout. Annual Review of Psychology, 52(1), 397–422. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.397
Matabanchoy-Salazar, J. M., & Díaz-Bambula, F. (2021). Riesgos laborales en trabajadores latinoamericanos del sector agrícola: Una revisión sistemática. Universidad y Salud, 23(3), 337–350. https://doi.org/10.22267/rus.212303.248
Meenakshi, J. R., & Panneer, S. (2020). Occupational Health of Agricultural Women Workers in India. Indian journal of community medicine: official publication of Indian Association of Preventive & Social Medicine, 45(4), 546–549. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijcm.IJCM_397_19
Mendoza, D. J., & Vega, A. L. (2023). Occupational safety and health in the agricultural sector: a bibliographic review. Revista brasileira de medicina do trabalho: publicacao oficial da Associacao Nacional de Medicina do Trabalho-ANAMT, 21(3), e20231137, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.47626/1679-4435-2023-1137
Michielsen, H. J., Willemsen, T. M., Croon, M. A., de Vries, J., & Van Heck, G. L. (2004). Determinants of general fatigue and emotional exhaustion: A prospective study. Psychology & Health, 19(2), 223–235. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870440310001627135
MAG. (2022). Informe anual del sector avícola en Ecuador. Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería. https://share.google/CLHSyM3OlwzlL4oQh
MSP & OPS. (2022). Panorama nacional de salud de los trabajadores: Encuesta de condiciones de trabajo y salud 2021–2022. Ministerio de Salud Pública del Ecuador & Organización Panamericana de la Salud. https://www.salud.gob.ec
Nyirenda, V., Chinniah, Y., & Agard, B. (2015). Identifying key factors for an occupational health and safety risk estimation tool in small and medium-size enterprises. IFAC-PapersOnLine, 48(3), 541–546. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2015.06.137
Ooh, S. L., Chua, Y. C., Tan, S. A., Gan, S. W., Pung, P. W., & Teoh, X. Y. (2025). The relationship between emotional exhaustion and organisational citizenship behaviour: Psychological capital as a moderator. Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 37(1), 75–87. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10672-023-09481-2
Petersen, J., Wendsche, J., & Melzer, M. (2023). Nurses’ emotional exhaustion: Prevalence, psychosocial risk factors and association to sick leave depending on care setting—A quantitative secondary analysis. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 79(1), 182–193. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.15471
Purc-Stephenson, R. J., Dedrick, S., & Hood, D. (2024). A multidimensional tool to measure farm stressors: development and initial validation of the farmer stress assessment tool (FSAT). BMC Psychology, 12(1), 435, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-024-01929-w
Ramírez, M. R., Ontaneda, M. P., Otero, P., Ortega-Jiménez, D., Blanco, V., & Vázquez, F. L. (2025). Burnout, associated factors, and mental health measures among Ecuadorian physicians: A cross-sectional study. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 14(7), 2465. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14072465
Rastogi, A., & Singla, H. K. (2024). Exploration of exhaustion in early-career construction professionals in India. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 31(10), 3853–3875. https://doi.org/10.1108/ECAM-10-2022-0938
Rujano, M. L., Delfín, C., Nuñez, O., & De la Rosa, Y. (2025). Impacto en la salud mental, física y social de los trabajadores agrícolas en México. Revista De Ciencias Sociales, 31, 125-137. https://doi.org/10.31876/rcs.v31i.43989
Santiago-Torner, C. (2024). Creativity and emotional exhaustion in virtual work environments: The ambiguous role of work autonomy. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education, 14(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe14070139
Santiago-Torner, C. (2025). Benevolent Climates and Burnout Prevention: Strategic Insights for HR Through Job Autonomy. Administrative Sciences, 15(7), 277. https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci15070277
Shanti, R. (2020). Multivariate Data Analysis using SPSS and AMOS. MJP Publishers.
Van Zyl-Cillié, M. M., Bührmann, J. H., Blignaut, A. J., Demirtas, D., & Coetzee, S. K. (2024). A machine learning model to predict the risk factors causing feelings of burnout and emotional exhaustion amongst nursing staff in South Africa. BMC Health Services Research, 24(1),1665. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-024-12184-5
Wei, X., Wei, X., Yu, X., & Ren, F. (2024). The relationship between financial stress and job performance in China: The role of work engagement and emotional exhaustion. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 17, 2905–2917. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S446520
Xin, Z., Zhang, J., & Liu, Z. (2024). The relationship between work and family interference and service quality among Chinese social workers: The roles of emotional exhaustion and work support. The British Journal of Social Work, 54(7), 3221–3242. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcae088
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Publicado
2026-09-03
Cómo citar
Verdesoto, S., Guamán-Guevara, D., Hernández, H., & Montenegro-Ramírez, A. (2026). Factores de riesgo externo y agotamiento emocional en el sector avícola en Ecuador. Revista Venezolana De Gerencia, 31(116), e3111610. Recuperado a partir de https://www.produccioncientificaluz.org/index.php/rvg/article/view/46170
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