Liderazgo inclusivo como elemento clave del desarrollo educativo

Palabras clave: Inclusión, Liderazgo inclusivo, educación

Resumen

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar los elementos clave que permiten un liderazgo inclusivo para el desarrollo educativo peruano, a través de la experiencia canadiense. Mediante de un enfoque mixto, se utilizó el diseño anidado concurrente de varios niveles, la muestra se conformó por dos grupos: 1029 participantes de 20 instituciones educativas en Perú y Canadá, a quienes se aplicó la escala de liderazgo inclusivo LEI-Q, el segundo grupo estuvo conformado por 10 directores canadienses a quienes se aplicó un focus group. Más del 90% de canadienses evidencian que existe un liderazgo inclusivo en las instituciones, mientras que, en Perú el 79% precisan no haber liderazgo inclusivo. Los directores canadienses hicieron énfasis en tres elementos clave que permiten impulsar el liderazgo inclusivo: aprendizaje crítico reflexivo, fomentar relaciones con la comunidad educativa y promoción del liderazgo inclusivo. Para hacer que la inclusión sea una realidad en las escuelas públicas peruanas se requiere un énfasis continuo en la condición humana y una atención deliberada a los marcos de transformación sociocultural y sistémica.

Biografía del autor/a

Cevero Rómulo Rojas León

Doctor en Ciencias Contables por la Universidad Peruana los Andes (UPLA). Co-Investigador en Proyectos de Investigación con Fondos Concursables – FOCAM y demás proyectos de investigación en la UPLA. (Huancayo, Perú). Email: d.crojasl@upla.edu.pe ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6544-5869

Oscar Eduardo Pongo Aguila

Doctor en Economía, Universidad Nacional Federico Villarreal. Maestro en Economía, Universidad San Martín de Porres. Docente principal en la facultad de ciencias económicas, Universidad Nacional Federico Villarreal. (Lima, Perú). Email: oscarpongo@yahoo.com ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8052-348X

Fernando Huaman Ccanto

Grado de Maestro en Gestión Pública. Licenciado en Administración por la Universidad Nacional de Huancavelica, docente contrato en la Facultad de Ciencias Empresariales de Universidad Nacional de Huancavelica y con amplia experiencia en el sector público. Afiliación en Universidad Nacional de Huancavelica. (Paturpampa, Perú). Email: fernando.huaman@unh.edu.pe ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6951-4796

Juan Carlos Orosco Gavilán

Magíster en Estadística Aplicada por la UNALM. Licenciado en Matemática-Estadística por la Universidad Nacional San Cristóbal de Huamanga. Experiencia en docencia e investigación universitaria, análisis y administración de base de datos. Docente del curso Probabilidad y Estadística en la Universidad Privada del Norte (UPN). (Trujillo-La Libertad, Perú). Email: juan.orosco@upn.edu.pe ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4268-3992 Afiliación en Universidad Privada del Norte

Citas

Aarons, G. A., Ehrhart, M. G., Torres, E. M., Finn, N. K., y Beidas, R. S. (2017). The humble leader: Association of discrepancies in leader and follower ratings of implementation leadership with organizational climate in mental health. Psychiatric Services, 68(2), 115-122. https://doi.org/ 10.1176/appi.ps.201600062

Ainscow, M. (2020). Promoting inclusion and equity in education: Lessons from international experi‐ ences. Nordic Journal of Studies in Educational Policy, 6(1), 7–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/20020317.2020. 1729587

Ainscow, M., y Sandill, A. (2010). Developing inclu‐ sive education systems: The role of organisational cultures and leadership. International Journal of Inclusive Education, 14(4), 401–146. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/13603110802504903

Alonso-García, S., Aznar-Díaz, I., Caceres-Reche, M. P., Trujillo-Torres, J. M., y Romero-Rodriguez, J. M. (2019). Systematic review of good teaching practices with ICT in spanish higher education. Trends and challenges for sustainability. Sustainability, 11(24), 7150. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11247150

Angelides, P. (2012). Forms of leadership that promote inclusive education in Cypriot schools. Educational Management Administration y Leadership, 40(1), 21-36. https://doi.org/10.1177/1741143211420614

Barak, M.E.M. (2011), Managing Diversity: Toward a Globally Inclusive Workplace, Sage Publications.

Cambron-McCabe, N. (2006), Preparation and development of school leaders: implications for social justice policies. Pearson.

Carmeli, A., Reiter-Palmon, R., y Ziv, E. (2010). Inclusive leadership and employee involvement in creative tasks in the workplace: The mediating role of psychological safety. Creativity Research Journal, 22(3), 250–260. https://doi.org/10.1080/10400419.2010.504654

Castillo-Acobo, R, Vásquez, A, Vera, R. (2022). Mediating role of inclusive leadership in innovative teaching behavior. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 100, 19-34. https://ejer.com.tr/manuscript/index.php/journal/article/view/939/162

Castillo-Acobo, R. Y., Cano, Y. D. P. Y. F., Paricahua, A. K. P., Íñiguez-Ayón, Y. P., León, C. R. R., Mohamed, M. M. H., ... & Gonzáles, J. L. A. (2022). The Role of Innovation Adoption and Circular Economy Readiness on the Environmental Sustainability: Moderating Impact of Organizational Support. AgBioForum, 24(2), 226-235.

Castillo-Acobo, R., Quispe, H., Arias-Gonzáles, J., & Amaro, C. (2022). Consideraciones de los docentes sobre las barreras de la educación inclusiva. Revista De Filosofía, 39. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7315432

Chávez, C. M. R., Miranda, U. I. R., Arias-Gonzáles, J. L., & Acosta, D. B. (2022). Liderazgo responsable como fortaleza de las empresas democráticas. Revista de filosofía, 39(2), 433-443.

Creswell, J. y Creswell, D. (2018). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. (5th edition). SAGE.

Crisol Moya, E., Molonia, T., y Caurcel Cara, M. J. (2020). Inclusive leadership and education quality: Adaptation and validation of the questionnaire “Inclusive Leadership in Schools” (LEI-Q) to the Italian context. Sustainability, 12(13), 5375. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12135375

Diamond, J. B., and Spillane, J. P, (2016). School leadership and management from a distributed perspective: A 2016 retrospective and prospective. Management in Education, 30(4), 147–154. https://doi.org/10.1177/0892020616665938

DiPaola, M. F. and Walther-Thomas, C. (2003), Principals and Special Education: The Critical Role of School Leaders, Center on Personnel Studies in Special Education, University of Florida.

Domínguez-Jara, A. (2017). Dificultades y desafíos en la educación de niños y adolescentes con discapacidad. CASUS. Revista de Investigación y Casos en Salud, 2(3), 185-189. https://doi.org/10.35626/casus.3.2017.56

Hernández-Sampieri, R. y Mendoza, C. (2018). Metodología de la investigación. Rutas cuantitativa, cualitativa y mixta. (6ta ed). Mc Graw Hill.

Hollander, E. P. (2009). Inclusive leadership: The essential leader–follower relationship. Routledge

Kuknor, S. C., & Bhattacharya, S. (2020). Inclusive leadership: new age leadership to foster organizational inclusion. European Journal of Training and Development, ahead-of-print(ahead-of-print). https://doi.org/10.1108/EJTD-07-2019-0132

Lambrecht, J., Lenkeit, J., Hartmann, A., Ehlert, A., Knigge, M., y Spörer, N. (2020). The effect of school leadership on implementing inclusive education: How transformational and instructional leadership practices affect individualised education planning. International Journal of Inclusive Education, 26(9), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1080/13603116.2020.1752825

León, M. J., Crisol, E., y Moreno, R. (2018). Las tareas del líder inclusivo en centros educativos de zonas des‐ favorecidas y favorecidas. Revista Iberoamericana sobre Calidad, Eficacia y Cambio en Educación, 16(2), 21–40. https://doi.org/10.15366/reice2018.16.2.002

López-López, M. D. C., León Guerrero, M. J., y Crisol-Moya, E. (2021). Inclusive Leadership of School Management from the View of Families: Construction and Validation of LEI-Q. Education Sciences, 11(9), 511. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci11090511

Lord, P. (2020). Access to Inclusive Education for Students with Autism: An Analysis of Canada’s Compliance with the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. Canadian Journal of Disability Studies, 9(5), 328-346. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3111871

Lumby, J. and Coleman, M, (2016). Leading for Equality: Making Schools Fairer. SAGE Publications

Mamani, W. C., Manrique, G. M. L., Madrid, S. D. P. C., Herrera, E. E., Acosta, D. B., Rivas-Diaz, R. R., ... & Ramos, F. S. S. (2022). The Role of Entrepreneurship and Green Innovation Intention on Sustainable Development: Moderating Impact of Inclusive Leadership. AgBioForum, 24(1).

McLaren, P. (2007). Life in schools: An introduction to critical pedagogy in the foundations of education. (5th ed.). Boston: Pearson/Allyn and Bacon.

McLeskey, J. and Waldron, N. L. (2015). Effective leadership makes schools truly inclusive Phi Delta Kappan, 96(5), 68–73. https://doi.org/10.1177/0031721715569474

Muñoz, J. L. R., Ojeda, F. M., Jurado, D. L. A., Peña, P. F. P., Carranza, C. P. M., Berríos, H. Q., ... & Vasquez-Pauca, M. J. (2022). Systematic Review of Adaptive Learning Technology for Learning in Higher Education. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 98(98), 221-233.

Nembhard, I. M., and Edmondson, A. C. (2006). Making it safe:the effects of leader inclusiveness and professional status on psychological safety and improvement efforts in health care teams. J. Organ. Behav., 27, 941–966. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.413

Opoku, M. P. (2022). Inclusive School Leadership in Developing Context: What Are the Levers of Change? Journal of Research on Leadership Education. https://doi.org/10.1177/19427751221087731

Organización de las Naciones Unidas (2015). We Can End Poverty: MILLENNIUM Development Goals and Beyond 2015. https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals

Orosco, J., Zapana, D., Huiallpa, J., y Pongo, O. (2022). Technological Social Responsibility in University Professors. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 100, 104-118. https://ejer.com.tr/manuscript/index.php/journal/article/view/939/162

Paricahua, E. W. P., Muñoz, S. A. S., Paricahua, A. K. P., Arias-Gonzáles, J. L., Mamani, W. C., Guzman, C. J. A., ... & Carranza, C. P. M. (2022). Research Competencies: A Comparative Study in Public and Private Universities. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 99(99), 297-312.

Porter, G. L., y Stone, J. (1998). An inclusive school model: A frame-work and key strategies for success. In J. W. Putnam (Ed), 2nd Edition. MA: Paul Brookes Publishing Company Ltd.

Puma, E. G. M. (2022). How universities have responded to E-learning as a result of Covid-19 challenges. Periodicals of Engineering and Natural Sciences (PEN), 10(3), 40-47.

Ramos, W. R. M., Herrera, E. E., Manrique, G. M. L., Acevedo, J. E. R., Acosta, D. B., Palacios-Jimenez, A. S., ... & Gonzáles, J. L. A. (2022). Responsible leadership: a comparative study between Peruvian national and private universities. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 99(99). https://ejer.com.tr/responsible-leadership-a-comparative-study-between-peruvian-national-and-private-universities/

Riehl, C. J. (2009). The principal’s role in creating inclusive schools for diverse students: A review of normative, empirical, and critical literature on the practice of educational administration. Journal of education, 189(1-2), 183-197. https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543070001055

Rix, J., Hall, K., Nind, M., Sheehy, K., y Wearmouth, J. (2009). What pedagogical approaches can effectively include children with special educational needs in mainstream classrooms? A systematic literature review. Support for learning, 24(2), 86-94. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9604.2009.01404.x

Ryan, J. (2007). Inclusive leadership: a review. J. Educ. Admin. Found., 18, 92–125. http://fcis.oise.utoronto.ca/~jryan/pub_files/incleadership.pdf

Ryan, J. (2012). Struggling for Inclusion: Leadership in Neoliberal Times. Greenwich, CT: Information Age Publishing

Ryan, J. (2013). Promoting Inclusive Leadership in Diverse Schools. In Bogotch and C. Shields (Eds.), Handbook of Educational Leadership and Social (In)Justice. Dordrecht, NL: Springer.

Ryan, J., y Rottmann C. (2007). Educational leadership and policy approaches to critical social justice. Journal of Educational Administration and Foundations, 18(2), 9–23. https://www.oise.utoronto.ca/cld/UserFiles/File/Educational%20Leadership%20and%20Policy%20Approaches%20to%20Critical%20Social%20Justice.pdf

Schechter, C., y Feldman, N. (2019). The Principal’s Role in Professional Learning Community in a Special Education School Serving Pupils With Autism. Journal of Special Education Leadership, 32(1). https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1274928

Shore, L. M., Randel, A. E., Chung, B. G., Dean, M. A., Holcombe Ehrhart, K., y Singh, G. (2011). Inclusion and diversity in work groups: A review and model for future research. Journal of management, 37(4), 1262-1289. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206310385943

Simpson, R. L. (2004). Inclusion of students with behavior disorders in general education settings: Research and measurement issues. Behavioral Disorders, 30(1), 19-31. https://doi.org/10.1177/019874290403000104

Skoglund, P. and Stäcker, H. (2016). How Can Education Systems Support All Learners? Tipping-Point Leadership Focused on Cultural Change and Inclusive Capability, in A. Watkins and C. Meijer (eds.), Implementing Inclusive Education: Issues in Bridging the Policy-Practice Gap (International Perspectives on Inclusive Education, Volume 8). Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing Limited

Skrla, L.., Scheurich, J., Garcia, J., y Nolly, G. (2004). Equity audits: A practical leadership tool for developing equitable and excellent schools. Educational Administration Quarterly, 40(1), 133-161. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013161X03259148

Smith, M. J. (2020). Sustainable Development Goals: Genuine global change requires genuine measures of efficacy. Journal of maps, 16(1), i-iii. https://doi.org/10.1080/17445647.2020.1749386

Stadnick, N. A., Meza, R. D., Suhrheinrich, J., Aarons, G. A., Brookman-Frazee, L., Lyon, A. R., ... y Locke, J. (2019). Leadership profiles associated with the implementation of behavioral health evidence-based practices for autism spectrum disorder in schools. Autism, 23(8), 1957-1968. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361319834398

Taylor, L. D. and Brownell, E. (2017). Building Inclusive Leaders: A Critical Framework for Leadership Education, Breaking the Zero-Sum Game (Building Leadership Bridges), Emerald Publishing Limited, Bingley, pp. 323-340. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-78743-185-020171033

Theoharis, G. (2007). Social justice educational leaders and resistance: Toward a theory of social justice leadership. Educational administration quarterly, 43(2), 221-258. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013161X06293717

Theoharis, G., y Causton-Theoharis, J. N. (2008). Oppressors or emancipators: Critical dispositions for preparing inclusive school leaders. Equity y Excellence in Education, 41(2), 230-246. https://doi.org/10.1080/10665680801973714

Valdés, R. (2020). Prácticas de liderazgo en escuelas con alta y baja cultura escolar inclusiva Revista Latinoamericana de Educación Inclusiva, 14(2), 213–227. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/s0718-73782020000200213

Wasserman, I. C., Gallegos, P. V., y Ferdman, B. M. (2008). Dancing with resistance: Leadership challenges in fostering a culture of inclusion. In K. M. Thomas (Ed.), Diversity resistance in organizations (pp. 175–200). Taylor y Francis Group/Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Whitley, J., y Hollweck, T. (2020). Inclusion and equity in education: Current policy reform in Nova Scotia, Canada. Prospects, 49(3), 297-312. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11125-020-09503-z
Publicado
2023-08-05
Cómo citar
Rojas León, C. R., Pongo Aguila, O. E., Huaman Ccanto, F., & Orosco Gavilán, J. C. (2023). Liderazgo inclusivo como elemento clave del desarrollo educativo. Revista Venezolana De Gerencia, 28(9), 114-129. https://doi.org/10.52080/rvgluz.28.e9.8