Desarrollo sostenible del bioetanol de tercera generación: Desafíos tecnológicos, económicos y de gestión en biorrefinerías algales
Palabras clave:
Biomasa, bioetanol, biorrefinerías, evaluación tecnoeconómica, sostenibilidad
Resumen
La transición energética global ha intensificado la búsqueda de alternativas sostenibles que permitan reducir la dependencia de los combustibles fósiles y mitigar sus efectos ambientales. En este escenario, el bioetanol de tercera generación producido a partir de biomasa ha despertado creciente interés por su elevada productividad, su independencia respecto a cultivos destinados a la alimentación y su potencial integración en modelos de economía circular. El objetivo de la investigación fue evaluar los avances tecnológicos y los factores tecnoeconómicos que influyen en la producción sostenible de bioetanol de tercera generación a partir de microalgas y macroalgas. Para ello, se desarrolló una revisión de literatura en bases de datos científicas indexadas, orientada a identificar tendencias recientes, limitaciones estructurales y oportunidades emergentes en este campo. Los resultados evidencian progresos relevantes en etapas clave del proceso, como el cultivo de biomasa, el pretratamiento, la hidrólisis, la fermentación y el aprovechamiento de coproductos. No obstante, persisten desafíos asociados a los elevados costos operativos, las dificultades de escalado industrial, la demanda energética de los procesos y la incertidumbre sobre su viabilidad económica. Se concluye que enfoques integrados basados en biorrefinerías, digitalización y evaluación tecnoeconómica se perfilan como estrategias clave para fortalecer su desarrollo industrial sostenible.
Descargas
La descarga de datos todavía no está disponible.
Citas
Abbasi, M., Pishvaee, M. S., y Mohseni, S. (2021). Third-generation biofuel supply chain: A comprehensive review and future research directions. Journal of Cleaner Production, 323, 129100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.129100
Abdullah, M. A., Nazir, M. S., Hussein, H. A., Shah, S. M. U., Azra, N., Iftikhar, R., Iqbal, M. S., Qamar, Z., Ahmad, Z., Afzaal, M., Om, A. D., Shaharah, M. I., Rak, A. E., y Hung, Y.-T. (2024). New perspectives on biomass conversion and circular economy based on Integrated Algal-Oil Palm Biorefinery framework for sustainable energy and bioproducts co-generation. Industrial Crops and Products, 213, 118452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2024.118452
Ahorsu, R., Medina, F., y Constantí, M. (2018). Significance and Challenges of Biomass as a Suitable Feedstock for Bioenergy and Biochemical Production: A Review. Energies, 11(12), 3366. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11123366
Alaswad, A., Dassisti, M., Prescott, T., y Olabi, A. G. (2015). Technologies and developments of third generation biofuel production. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 51, 1446-1460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.07.058
Al Azad, S., Madadi, M., Song, G., Sun, C., y Sun, F. (2024). New trends in microbial lipid-based biorefinery for fermentative bioenergy production from lignocellulosic biomass. Biofuel Research Journal, 11(1), 2040-2064. https://doi.org/10.18331/BRJ2024.11.1.5
Ali, A., Qadir, A., Kuddus, M., Saxena, P., y Abdin, M. Z. (2019). Production of biodiesel from algae: An update. In L. Martínez, O. Kharissova y B. Kharisov (Eds.), Handbook of Ecomaterials (pp. 1953-1964). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68255-6_7
Altarazi, Y. S. M., Abu, A. R., Yu, J., Gires, E., Abdul, M. F., Lucas, J., y Yusaf, T. (2022). Effects of Biofuel on engines performance and emission characteristics: A review. Energy, 238(Part C), 121910. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.121910
Aparicio, E., Rodríguez-Jasso, R. M., Pinales-Márquez, C. D., Loredo-Treviño, A., Robledo-Olivo, A., Aguilar, C. N., Kostas, E. T., y Ruiz, H. A. (2021). High-pressure technology for Sargassum spp biomass pretreatment and fractionation in the third generation of bioethanol production. Bioresource Technology, 329, 124935. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2021.124935
Barragán-Ocaña, A., Merritt, H., Sánchez-Estrada, O. E., Méndez-Becerril, J. L., y Longar-Blanco, M. D. P. (2023). Biorefinery and sustainability for the production of biofuels and value-added products: A trends analysis based on network and patent analysis. PLoS One, 18, e0279659. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0279659
Behera, S., Singh, R., Arora, R., Sharma, N. K., Shukla, M., y Kumar, S. (2015). Scope of algae as third generation Biofuels. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 2, 90. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2014.00090
Bekirogullari, M., Figueroa-Torres, G. M., Pittman, J. K., y Theodoropoulos, C. (2020). Models of microalgal cultivation for added-value products: A review. Biotechnology Advances, 44, 107609. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107609
Bušić, A., Mardetko, N., Kundas, S., Morzak, G., Belskaya, H., Šantek, M. I., Komes, D., Novak, S., y Šantek, B. (2018). Bioethanol production from renewable raw materials and its separation and purification: A review. Food Technology & Biotechnology, 56(3), 289-311. https://doi.org/10.17113/ftb.56.03.18.5546
Butean, A., Cutean, I., Barbero, R., Enriquez, J., y Matei, A. (2025). A Review of Artificial Intelligence Applications for Biorefineries and Bioprocessing: From Data-Driven Processes to Optimization Strategies and Real-Time Control. Processes, 13(8), 2544. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13082544
Cavelius, P., Engelhart-Straub, S., Mehlmer, N., Lercher, J., Awad, D., y Brück, T. (2023). The potential of biofuels from first to fourth generation. PLoS Biology, 21, e3002063. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3002063
Chong, T. Y., Cheah, S. A., Ong, C. T., Wong, L. Y., Goh, C. R., Tan, I. S., Foo, H. C. Y., Lam, M. K., y Lim, S. (2020). Techno-economic evaluation of third-generation bioethanol production utilizing the macroalgae waste: A case study in Malaysia. Energy, 210, 118491. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2020.118491
Cuellar-Bermudez, S. P., Romero-Ogawa, M. A., Rittmann, B. E., y Parra-Saldivar, R. (2014). Algae biofuels production processes, carbon dioxide fixation and biorefinery concept. Journal of Petroleum Environmental Biotechnology, 5(4), 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7463.1000185
Dineshkumar, R., Narendran, R., y Sampathkumar, P. (2017). Cultivation and harvesting of micro-algae for bio-fuel Production–A review. Indian Journal of Geo Marine Sciences, 46(9), 1731-1742. https://scispace.com/pdf/cultivation-and-harvesting-of-micro-algae-for-bio-fuel-2db4g0r9hr.pdf
Dragone, G. (2022). Challenges and opportunities to increase economic feasibility and sustainability of mixotrophic cultivation of green microalgae of the genus Chlorella. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 160, 112284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2022.112284
Efroymson, R. A., Dale, V. H., y Langholtz, M. H. (2017). Socioeconomic indicators for sustainable design and commercial development of algal biofuel systems. GCB Bioenergy, 9(6), 1005-1023. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12359
Efroymson, R. A., y Dale, V. H. (2015). Environmental indicators for sustainable production of algal biofuels. Ecological Indicators, 49, 1-3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.09.028
Gawali, A., y Jadhav, J. P. (2022). Biofuel from Algae: A Sustainable Third-Generation Biofuel. Iconic Research and Engineering Journals, 5, 51-60. https://www.irejournals.com/formatedpaper/1703092.pdf
Gegg, P., y Wells, V. (2019). The development of seaweed-derived fuels in the UK: An analysis of stakeholder issues and public perceptions. Energy Policy, 133, 110924. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2019.110924
Godvin, S. V., Dinesh, K. M., Arulazhagan, P., Amit, K. B., Poornachander, G., y Rajesh, B. J. (2021). Biofuel production from Macroalgae: present scenario and future scope. Bioengineered, 12(2), 9216-9238. https://doi.org/10.1080/21655979.2021.1996019
Guimarães, C. E. C., Neto, F. S., De Castro, V., Andrade, J. G., Rodríguez, R. B., Gonçalves, P., De Sousa, A. K., Fernandes, R. L., De França, J., Chaves, R. K., Guimarães, A. P., Martins, M. C., Sanders, A. A., De Sousa, M. A., Desai, A. S., Bilal, M., Smułek, W., Jesionowski, T., y Sousa, J. C. (2023). Sustainable bioethanol production from first- and second-generation sugar-based feedstocks: Advanced bibliometric analysis. Bioresource Technology Reports, 23, 101543. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biteb.2023.101543
Jabłońska-Trypuć, A., Wołejko, E., Ernazarovna, M. D., Głowacka, A., Sokołowska, G., y Wydro, U. (2023). Using Algae for Biofuel Production: A Review. Energies, 16(4), 1758. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16041758
Jain, S., y Kumar, S. (2024). Advances and challenges in pretreatment technologies for bioethanol production: A comprehensive review. Sustainable Chemistry for Climate Action, 5, 100053. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scca.2024.100053
Joseph, A. M., Tulasi, Y., Shrivastava, D., y Kiran, B. (2023). Techno-economic feasibility and exergy analysis of bioethanol production from waste. Energy Conversion Management: X, 18, 100358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecmx.2023.100358
Joyia, M. A. K., Ahmad, M., Chen, Y.-F., Mustaqeem, M., Ali, A., Abbas, A., y Gondal, M. A. (2024). Trends and advances in sustainable bioethanol production technologies from first to fourth generation: A critical review. Energy Conversion and Management, 321, 119037. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119037
Karimi, K., Khoshnevisan, B., y Denayer, J. F. M. (2024). Critical impacts of energy targeting on the sustainability of advanced biobutanol separation. Biofuel Research Journal, 41, 1999-2012. https://doi.org/10.18331/BRJ2024.11.1.2
Khandelwal, A., Chhabra, M., y Lens, P. N. L. (2023). Integration of third generation biofuels with bio-electrochemical systems: Current status and future perspective. Frontiers in Plant Science, 14, 1081108. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2023.1081108
Kumari, A., Chakraborty, S., Sirotiya, V., Kalita, D., Rai, A., Yadav, K. K., Bhutto, J. K., y Vinayak, V. (2024). A review on economical and impact of bioethanol production from microalgae: Current scenario and future prospect. Industrial Crops and Products, 222, 119927. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2024.119927
Labarca, N. J., Márquez, L. E., y Cuétara, L. M. (2025). Economía verde como aporte a la sostenibilidad de destinos turísticos. Revista de Ciencias Sociales (Ve), XXXI(4), 239-262. https://doi.org/10.31876/rcs.v31i4.44851
Lee, S. Y., Sankaran, R., Chew, K. W., Tan, C. H., Krishnamoorthy, R., Chu, D.-T., y Show, P.-L. (2019). Waste to bioenergy: a review on the recent conversion technologies. Bmc Energy, 1, 4. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42500-019-0004-7
Leong, H. Y., Chang, C.-K., Khoo, K. S., Chew, K. W., Chia, S. R., Lim, J. W., Chang, J.-S., y Show, P. L. (2021). Waste biorefinery towards a sustainable circular bioeconomy: a solution to global issues. Biotechnology for Biofuels, 14, 87. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13068-021-01939-5
Lowy, D. A., Melendez, J. R., y Mátyás, B. (2024). Electroreduction of carbon dioxide to liquid fuels: A low- cost, sustainable technology. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 194, 114300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2024.114300
Lyon, S. R., Ahmadzadeh, H., y Murry, M. A. (2015). Algae-based wastewater treatment for biofuel production: processes, species, and extraction methods. In R. N. Moheimani, M. P. McHenry, K. De Boer y P. A. Bahri (Eds.), Biomass and Biofuels from microalgae: Advances in Engineering and Biology (Vol. 2, pp. 95-115). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16640-7_6
Ma, Z., Cheah, W. Y., Ng, I.-S., Chang, J.-S., Zhao, M., y Loke, P. (2022). Microalgae-based biotechnological sequestration of carbon dioxide for net zero emissions. Trends in Biotechnology, 40(12), 1439-1453. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibtech.2022.09.002
Maliha, A., y Abu-Hijleh, B. (2022). A review on the current status and post-pandemic prospects of third-generation biofuels. Energy Systems, 14, 1185-1216. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12667-022-00514-7
Melendez, J. R. (2022). Biotecnología y gerencia aplicada en la producción de bioetanol 1G y 2G. Revista de Ciencias Sociales (Ve), XXVIII(4), 415429. https://doi.org/10.31876/rcs.v28i4.39139
Melendez, J. R., Mátyás, B., Hena, S., Lowy, D. A., y El Salous, A. (2022). Perspectives in the production of Bioethanol: A review of sustainable methods, technologies, and bioprocesses. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 160, 112260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2022.112260
Melendez, J. R., Velasquez-Rivera, J., El Salous, A., y Peñalver, A. (2021). Gestión para la Producción de biocombustibles 2G: Revisión del escenario tecnológico y económico. Revista Venezolana de Gerencia, 26(93), 78-91. https://doi.org/10.52080/rvg93.07
Mizik, T. (2021). Economic aspects and sustainability of ethanol production—a systematic literature review. Energies, 14(19), 6137. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14196137
Moreno-Garcia, L., Gariépy, Y., Barnabé, S., y Raghavan, G. S. V. (2019). Effect of environmental factors on the biomass and lipid production of microalgae grown in wastewaters. Algal Research, 41, 101521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2019.101521
Müller, C., Scapini, T., Rempel, A., Abaide, E. R., Camargo, A. F., Nazari, M. T., Tadioto, V., Bonatto, C., Tres, M. V., Zabot, G. L., Colla, L. M., Treichel, H., y Alves, S. L. (2023). Challenges and opportunities for third-generation ethanol production: A critical review. Engineering Microbiology, 3, 100056. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engmic.2022.100056
Narala, R. R., Garg, S., Sharma, K. K., Thomas-Hall, S. R., Deme, M., Li, Y., y Schenk, P. M. (2016). Comparison of microalgae cultivation in photobioreactor, open raceway pond, and a two-stage hybrid system. Frontiers in Energy Research, 4, 29. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2016.00029
Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos y Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura - OCDE/FAO (2022). OCDEFAO Perspectivas Agrícolas 20222031. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/1e8c4f79-es
Osman, A. I., Qasim, U., Jamil, F., Al-Muhtaseb, A. H., Jrai, A. A., Al-Riyami, M., Al-Maawali, S., Al-Haj, L., Al-Hinai, A., Al-Abri, M., Inayat, A., Waris, A., Farrell, C., Abdel, M. I. A., y Rooney, D. W. (2021). Bioethanol and biodiesel: Bibliometric mapping, policies and future needs. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 152, 111677. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.111677
Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J. M., Akl, E. A., Brennan, S. E., Chou, R., Glanville, J., Grimshaw, J. M., Hróbjartsson, A., Lalu, M. M., Li, T., Loder, E. W., Mayo-Wilson, E., McDonald, S., … Moher, D. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. Systematic Reviews, 10, 89. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-021-01626-4
Park, H., y Lee, C.-G. (2016). Theoretical calculations on the feasibility of microalgal biofuels: utilization of marine resources could help realizing the potential of microalgae. Biotechnology Journal, 11(11), 1461-1470. https://doi.org/10.1002/biot.201600041
Peña, S. E., y López, J. E. (2020). Desarrollo sostenible y oportunidad de aprendizaje de las biorrefinerías: Una alternativa de la biomasa. Revista de Ciencias Sociales (Ve), XXVI(E-2), 401-413. https://doi.org/10.31876/rcs.v26i0.34135
Perez-Lopez, P., Montazeri, M., Feijoo, G., Moreira, M. T., y Eckelman, M. J. (2018). Integrating uncertainties to the combined environmental and economic assessment of algal biorefineries: A Monte Carlo approach. Science of The Total Environment, 626, 762-775. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.339
Puricelli, S., Cardellini, G., Casadei, S., Faedo, D., Van den Oever, A. E. M., y Grosso, M. (2021). A review on biofuels for light-duty vehicles in Europe. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 137, 110398. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2020.110398
Rafa, N., Ahmed, S. F., Badruddin, I. A., Mofijur, M., y Kamangar, S. (2021). Strategies to Produce Cost-Effective Third-Generation Biofuel from Microalgae. Frontiers in Energy Research, 9, 749968. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2021.749968
Ramachandra, T. V., y Saranya, G. (2022). Sustainable Bioeconomy prospects of diatom biorefineries in the Indian west coast. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 161, 112399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2022.112399
Rossi, L. M., Gallo, J. M. R., Mattoso, L. H. C., Buckeridge, M. S., Licence, P., y Allen, D. T. (2021). Ethanol from Sugarcane and the Brazilian Biomass-Based Energy and Chemicals Sector. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 9, 4293-4295. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.1c01678
Roux, J.-M., Lamotte, H., y Achard, J.-L. (2017). An Overview of Microalgae Lipid Extraction in a Biorefinery Framework. Energy Procedia, 112, 680-688. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.03.1137
Sánchez, D. L., Johnson, N., McCoy, S. T., Turner, P. A., y Mach, K. J. (2018). Near-term deployment of carbon capture and sequestration from biorefineries in the United States. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(19), 4875-4880. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1719695115
Sharma, S., Kundu, A., Basu, S., Shetti, N. P., y Aminabhavi, T. M. (2020). Sustainable environmental management and related biofuel technologies. Journal of Environmental Management, 273, 111096. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JENVMAN.2020.111096
Sharma, Y., Manro, B., Thakur, P., Khera, A., Dey, P., Gupta, D., Khajuria, A., Jaiswal, P. K., Barnwal, R. P., y Singh, G. (2022). Nanotechnology as a vital science in accelerating biofuel production, a boon or bane. Biofuels, Bioproducts & Biorefining, 17(3), 616-663. https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.2455
Sindhu, R., Binod, P., Pandey, A., Ankaram, S., Duan, Y., y Awasth, M. (2018). Biofuel Production from Biomass: Toward Sustainable Development. In S. Kumar, R. Kumar y A. Pandey (Eds.), Current Developments in Biotechnology and Bioengineering. Waste Treatment Processes for Energy Generation (pp 79-92). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-64083-3.00005-1
Snyder, H. (2019). Literature review as a research methodology: An overview and guidelines. Journal of Business Research, 104, 333-339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.07.039
Spatari, S., Stadel, A., Adler, P. R., Kar, S., Parton, W. J., Hicks, K. B., McAloon, A. J., y Gurian, P. L. (2020). The role of biorefinery co-products, market proximity and feedstock environmental footprint in meeting biofuel policy goals for winter barley-to-ethanol. Energies, 13(9), 2236. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13092236
Stewart, D. W., Cortés-Peña, Y. R., Li, Y., Stillwell, A. S., Khanna, M., y Guest, J. S. (2023). Implications of Biorefinery Policy Incentives and Location-Specific Economic Parameters for the Financial Viability of Biofuels. Environmental Science & Technology, 57(6), 2262-2271. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.2c07936
Sydney, E. B., Velez, A. M., Novak, A. S., Messias, J. V., De Carvalho, J. C., y Soccol, C. R. (2018). Bioethanol from microalgae: Technical aspects to guide technological development. In M. Brienzo (Ed.), Bioethanol and beyond: Advances in production process and future directions (pp. 167-202). Nova Science Publishers.
Tan, I. S., Lam, M. K., Foo, H. C. Y., Lim, S., Lee, K. T. (2020). Advances of Macroalgae Biomass for the Third Generation of Bioethanol Production. Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering, 28(2), 502-517. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjche.2019.05.012
Tong, K. T. X., Tan, I. S., Foo, H. C. Y., Lam, M. K., Lim, S., y Lee, K. T. (2022). Advancement of biorefinery-derived platform chemicals from macroalgae: a perspective for bioethanol and lactic acid. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, 14, 1443-1479. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-022-02561-7
Vásconez, G. H., Caicedo, L. A., Véliz, D. V., y Sánchez, F. D. (2021). Producción de biomasa en cultivos de maíz: Zona central de la costa de Ecuador. Revista de Ciencias Sociales (Ve), XXVII(E-3), 417-431. https://doi.org/10.31876/rcs.v27i.36528
Velasquez-Rivera, J. R., Melendez, J. R., Roca-Argüelles, M. G., y Rodríguez-Sánchez, J. L. (2022). Kinetics of drying Bactris gasipaes Kunth sub-products: comparison of mathematical models. Revista de la Facultad de Agronomía de la Universidad del Zulia, 39(1), e223901. https://doi.org/10.47280/RevFacAgron(LUZ).v39.n1.01
Abdullah, M. A., Nazir, M. S., Hussein, H. A., Shah, S. M. U., Azra, N., Iftikhar, R., Iqbal, M. S., Qamar, Z., Ahmad, Z., Afzaal, M., Om, A. D., Shaharah, M. I., Rak, A. E., y Hung, Y.-T. (2024). New perspectives on biomass conversion and circular economy based on Integrated Algal-Oil Palm Biorefinery framework for sustainable energy and bioproducts co-generation. Industrial Crops and Products, 213, 118452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2024.118452
Ahorsu, R., Medina, F., y Constantí, M. (2018). Significance and Challenges of Biomass as a Suitable Feedstock for Bioenergy and Biochemical Production: A Review. Energies, 11(12), 3366. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11123366
Alaswad, A., Dassisti, M., Prescott, T., y Olabi, A. G. (2015). Technologies and developments of third generation biofuel production. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 51, 1446-1460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.07.058
Al Azad, S., Madadi, M., Song, G., Sun, C., y Sun, F. (2024). New trends in microbial lipid-based biorefinery for fermentative bioenergy production from lignocellulosic biomass. Biofuel Research Journal, 11(1), 2040-2064. https://doi.org/10.18331/BRJ2024.11.1.5
Ali, A., Qadir, A., Kuddus, M., Saxena, P., y Abdin, M. Z. (2019). Production of biodiesel from algae: An update. In L. Martínez, O. Kharissova y B. Kharisov (Eds.), Handbook of Ecomaterials (pp. 1953-1964). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68255-6_7
Altarazi, Y. S. M., Abu, A. R., Yu, J., Gires, E., Abdul, M. F., Lucas, J., y Yusaf, T. (2022). Effects of Biofuel on engines performance and emission characteristics: A review. Energy, 238(Part C), 121910. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.121910
Aparicio, E., Rodríguez-Jasso, R. M., Pinales-Márquez, C. D., Loredo-Treviño, A., Robledo-Olivo, A., Aguilar, C. N., Kostas, E. T., y Ruiz, H. A. (2021). High-pressure technology for Sargassum spp biomass pretreatment and fractionation in the third generation of bioethanol production. Bioresource Technology, 329, 124935. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2021.124935
Barragán-Ocaña, A., Merritt, H., Sánchez-Estrada, O. E., Méndez-Becerril, J. L., y Longar-Blanco, M. D. P. (2023). Biorefinery and sustainability for the production of biofuels and value-added products: A trends analysis based on network and patent analysis. PLoS One, 18, e0279659. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0279659
Behera, S., Singh, R., Arora, R., Sharma, N. K., Shukla, M., y Kumar, S. (2015). Scope of algae as third generation Biofuels. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 2, 90. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2014.00090
Bekirogullari, M., Figueroa-Torres, G. M., Pittman, J. K., y Theodoropoulos, C. (2020). Models of microalgal cultivation for added-value products: A review. Biotechnology Advances, 44, 107609. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107609
Bušić, A., Mardetko, N., Kundas, S., Morzak, G., Belskaya, H., Šantek, M. I., Komes, D., Novak, S., y Šantek, B. (2018). Bioethanol production from renewable raw materials and its separation and purification: A review. Food Technology & Biotechnology, 56(3), 289-311. https://doi.org/10.17113/ftb.56.03.18.5546
Butean, A., Cutean, I., Barbero, R., Enriquez, J., y Matei, A. (2025). A Review of Artificial Intelligence Applications for Biorefineries and Bioprocessing: From Data-Driven Processes to Optimization Strategies and Real-Time Control. Processes, 13(8), 2544. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13082544
Cavelius, P., Engelhart-Straub, S., Mehlmer, N., Lercher, J., Awad, D., y Brück, T. (2023). The potential of biofuels from first to fourth generation. PLoS Biology, 21, e3002063. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3002063
Chong, T. Y., Cheah, S. A., Ong, C. T., Wong, L. Y., Goh, C. R., Tan, I. S., Foo, H. C. Y., Lam, M. K., y Lim, S. (2020). Techno-economic evaluation of third-generation bioethanol production utilizing the macroalgae waste: A case study in Malaysia. Energy, 210, 118491. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2020.118491
Cuellar-Bermudez, S. P., Romero-Ogawa, M. A., Rittmann, B. E., y Parra-Saldivar, R. (2014). Algae biofuels production processes, carbon dioxide fixation and biorefinery concept. Journal of Petroleum Environmental Biotechnology, 5(4), 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7463.1000185
Dineshkumar, R., Narendran, R., y Sampathkumar, P. (2017). Cultivation and harvesting of micro-algae for bio-fuel Production–A review. Indian Journal of Geo Marine Sciences, 46(9), 1731-1742. https://scispace.com/pdf/cultivation-and-harvesting-of-micro-algae-for-bio-fuel-2db4g0r9hr.pdf
Dragone, G. (2022). Challenges and opportunities to increase economic feasibility and sustainability of mixotrophic cultivation of green microalgae of the genus Chlorella. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 160, 112284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2022.112284
Efroymson, R. A., Dale, V. H., y Langholtz, M. H. (2017). Socioeconomic indicators for sustainable design and commercial development of algal biofuel systems. GCB Bioenergy, 9(6), 1005-1023. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12359
Efroymson, R. A., y Dale, V. H. (2015). Environmental indicators for sustainable production of algal biofuels. Ecological Indicators, 49, 1-3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.09.028
Gawali, A., y Jadhav, J. P. (2022). Biofuel from Algae: A Sustainable Third-Generation Biofuel. Iconic Research and Engineering Journals, 5, 51-60. https://www.irejournals.com/formatedpaper/1703092.pdf
Gegg, P., y Wells, V. (2019). The development of seaweed-derived fuels in the UK: An analysis of stakeholder issues and public perceptions. Energy Policy, 133, 110924. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2019.110924
Godvin, S. V., Dinesh, K. M., Arulazhagan, P., Amit, K. B., Poornachander, G., y Rajesh, B. J. (2021). Biofuel production from Macroalgae: present scenario and future scope. Bioengineered, 12(2), 9216-9238. https://doi.org/10.1080/21655979.2021.1996019
Guimarães, C. E. C., Neto, F. S., De Castro, V., Andrade, J. G., Rodríguez, R. B., Gonçalves, P., De Sousa, A. K., Fernandes, R. L., De França, J., Chaves, R. K., Guimarães, A. P., Martins, M. C., Sanders, A. A., De Sousa, M. A., Desai, A. S., Bilal, M., Smułek, W., Jesionowski, T., y Sousa, J. C. (2023). Sustainable bioethanol production from first- and second-generation sugar-based feedstocks: Advanced bibliometric analysis. Bioresource Technology Reports, 23, 101543. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biteb.2023.101543
Jabłońska-Trypuć, A., Wołejko, E., Ernazarovna, M. D., Głowacka, A., Sokołowska, G., y Wydro, U. (2023). Using Algae for Biofuel Production: A Review. Energies, 16(4), 1758. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16041758
Jain, S., y Kumar, S. (2024). Advances and challenges in pretreatment technologies for bioethanol production: A comprehensive review. Sustainable Chemistry for Climate Action, 5, 100053. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scca.2024.100053
Joseph, A. M., Tulasi, Y., Shrivastava, D., y Kiran, B. (2023). Techno-economic feasibility and exergy analysis of bioethanol production from waste. Energy Conversion Management: X, 18, 100358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecmx.2023.100358
Joyia, M. A. K., Ahmad, M., Chen, Y.-F., Mustaqeem, M., Ali, A., Abbas, A., y Gondal, M. A. (2024). Trends and advances in sustainable bioethanol production technologies from first to fourth generation: A critical review. Energy Conversion and Management, 321, 119037. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119037
Karimi, K., Khoshnevisan, B., y Denayer, J. F. M. (2024). Critical impacts of energy targeting on the sustainability of advanced biobutanol separation. Biofuel Research Journal, 41, 1999-2012. https://doi.org/10.18331/BRJ2024.11.1.2
Khandelwal, A., Chhabra, M., y Lens, P. N. L. (2023). Integration of third generation biofuels with bio-electrochemical systems: Current status and future perspective. Frontiers in Plant Science, 14, 1081108. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2023.1081108
Kumari, A., Chakraborty, S., Sirotiya, V., Kalita, D., Rai, A., Yadav, K. K., Bhutto, J. K., y Vinayak, V. (2024). A review on economical and impact of bioethanol production from microalgae: Current scenario and future prospect. Industrial Crops and Products, 222, 119927. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2024.119927
Labarca, N. J., Márquez, L. E., y Cuétara, L. M. (2025). Economía verde como aporte a la sostenibilidad de destinos turísticos. Revista de Ciencias Sociales (Ve), XXXI(4), 239-262. https://doi.org/10.31876/rcs.v31i4.44851
Lee, S. Y., Sankaran, R., Chew, K. W., Tan, C. H., Krishnamoorthy, R., Chu, D.-T., y Show, P.-L. (2019). Waste to bioenergy: a review on the recent conversion technologies. Bmc Energy, 1, 4. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42500-019-0004-7
Leong, H. Y., Chang, C.-K., Khoo, K. S., Chew, K. W., Chia, S. R., Lim, J. W., Chang, J.-S., y Show, P. L. (2021). Waste biorefinery towards a sustainable circular bioeconomy: a solution to global issues. Biotechnology for Biofuels, 14, 87. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13068-021-01939-5
Lowy, D. A., Melendez, J. R., y Mátyás, B. (2024). Electroreduction of carbon dioxide to liquid fuels: A low- cost, sustainable technology. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 194, 114300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2024.114300
Lyon, S. R., Ahmadzadeh, H., y Murry, M. A. (2015). Algae-based wastewater treatment for biofuel production: processes, species, and extraction methods. In R. N. Moheimani, M. P. McHenry, K. De Boer y P. A. Bahri (Eds.), Biomass and Biofuels from microalgae: Advances in Engineering and Biology (Vol. 2, pp. 95-115). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16640-7_6
Ma, Z., Cheah, W. Y., Ng, I.-S., Chang, J.-S., Zhao, M., y Loke, P. (2022). Microalgae-based biotechnological sequestration of carbon dioxide for net zero emissions. Trends in Biotechnology, 40(12), 1439-1453. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibtech.2022.09.002
Maliha, A., y Abu-Hijleh, B. (2022). A review on the current status and post-pandemic prospects of third-generation biofuels. Energy Systems, 14, 1185-1216. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12667-022-00514-7
Melendez, J. R. (2022). Biotecnología y gerencia aplicada en la producción de bioetanol 1G y 2G. Revista de Ciencias Sociales (Ve), XXVIII(4), 415429. https://doi.org/10.31876/rcs.v28i4.39139
Melendez, J. R., Mátyás, B., Hena, S., Lowy, D. A., y El Salous, A. (2022). Perspectives in the production of Bioethanol: A review of sustainable methods, technologies, and bioprocesses. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 160, 112260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2022.112260
Melendez, J. R., Velasquez-Rivera, J., El Salous, A., y Peñalver, A. (2021). Gestión para la Producción de biocombustibles 2G: Revisión del escenario tecnológico y económico. Revista Venezolana de Gerencia, 26(93), 78-91. https://doi.org/10.52080/rvg93.07
Mizik, T. (2021). Economic aspects and sustainability of ethanol production—a systematic literature review. Energies, 14(19), 6137. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14196137
Moreno-Garcia, L., Gariépy, Y., Barnabé, S., y Raghavan, G. S. V. (2019). Effect of environmental factors on the biomass and lipid production of microalgae grown in wastewaters. Algal Research, 41, 101521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2019.101521
Müller, C., Scapini, T., Rempel, A., Abaide, E. R., Camargo, A. F., Nazari, M. T., Tadioto, V., Bonatto, C., Tres, M. V., Zabot, G. L., Colla, L. M., Treichel, H., y Alves, S. L. (2023). Challenges and opportunities for third-generation ethanol production: A critical review. Engineering Microbiology, 3, 100056. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engmic.2022.100056
Narala, R. R., Garg, S., Sharma, K. K., Thomas-Hall, S. R., Deme, M., Li, Y., y Schenk, P. M. (2016). Comparison of microalgae cultivation in photobioreactor, open raceway pond, and a two-stage hybrid system. Frontiers in Energy Research, 4, 29. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2016.00029
Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos y Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura - OCDE/FAO (2022). OCDEFAO Perspectivas Agrícolas 20222031. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/1e8c4f79-es
Osman, A. I., Qasim, U., Jamil, F., Al-Muhtaseb, A. H., Jrai, A. A., Al-Riyami, M., Al-Maawali, S., Al-Haj, L., Al-Hinai, A., Al-Abri, M., Inayat, A., Waris, A., Farrell, C., Abdel, M. I. A., y Rooney, D. W. (2021). Bioethanol and biodiesel: Bibliometric mapping, policies and future needs. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 152, 111677. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.111677
Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J. M., Akl, E. A., Brennan, S. E., Chou, R., Glanville, J., Grimshaw, J. M., Hróbjartsson, A., Lalu, M. M., Li, T., Loder, E. W., Mayo-Wilson, E., McDonald, S., … Moher, D. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. Systematic Reviews, 10, 89. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-021-01626-4
Park, H., y Lee, C.-G. (2016). Theoretical calculations on the feasibility of microalgal biofuels: utilization of marine resources could help realizing the potential of microalgae. Biotechnology Journal, 11(11), 1461-1470. https://doi.org/10.1002/biot.201600041
Peña, S. E., y López, J. E. (2020). Desarrollo sostenible y oportunidad de aprendizaje de las biorrefinerías: Una alternativa de la biomasa. Revista de Ciencias Sociales (Ve), XXVI(E-2), 401-413. https://doi.org/10.31876/rcs.v26i0.34135
Perez-Lopez, P., Montazeri, M., Feijoo, G., Moreira, M. T., y Eckelman, M. J. (2018). Integrating uncertainties to the combined environmental and economic assessment of algal biorefineries: A Monte Carlo approach. Science of The Total Environment, 626, 762-775. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.339
Puricelli, S., Cardellini, G., Casadei, S., Faedo, D., Van den Oever, A. E. M., y Grosso, M. (2021). A review on biofuels for light-duty vehicles in Europe. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 137, 110398. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2020.110398
Rafa, N., Ahmed, S. F., Badruddin, I. A., Mofijur, M., y Kamangar, S. (2021). Strategies to Produce Cost-Effective Third-Generation Biofuel from Microalgae. Frontiers in Energy Research, 9, 749968. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2021.749968
Ramachandra, T. V., y Saranya, G. (2022). Sustainable Bioeconomy prospects of diatom biorefineries in the Indian west coast. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 161, 112399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2022.112399
Rossi, L. M., Gallo, J. M. R., Mattoso, L. H. C., Buckeridge, M. S., Licence, P., y Allen, D. T. (2021). Ethanol from Sugarcane and the Brazilian Biomass-Based Energy and Chemicals Sector. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 9, 4293-4295. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.1c01678
Roux, J.-M., Lamotte, H., y Achard, J.-L. (2017). An Overview of Microalgae Lipid Extraction in a Biorefinery Framework. Energy Procedia, 112, 680-688. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.03.1137
Sánchez, D. L., Johnson, N., McCoy, S. T., Turner, P. A., y Mach, K. J. (2018). Near-term deployment of carbon capture and sequestration from biorefineries in the United States. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(19), 4875-4880. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1719695115
Sharma, S., Kundu, A., Basu, S., Shetti, N. P., y Aminabhavi, T. M. (2020). Sustainable environmental management and related biofuel technologies. Journal of Environmental Management, 273, 111096. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JENVMAN.2020.111096
Sharma, Y., Manro, B., Thakur, P., Khera, A., Dey, P., Gupta, D., Khajuria, A., Jaiswal, P. K., Barnwal, R. P., y Singh, G. (2022). Nanotechnology as a vital science in accelerating biofuel production, a boon or bane. Biofuels, Bioproducts & Biorefining, 17(3), 616-663. https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.2455
Sindhu, R., Binod, P., Pandey, A., Ankaram, S., Duan, Y., y Awasth, M. (2018). Biofuel Production from Biomass: Toward Sustainable Development. In S. Kumar, R. Kumar y A. Pandey (Eds.), Current Developments in Biotechnology and Bioengineering. Waste Treatment Processes for Energy Generation (pp 79-92). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-64083-3.00005-1
Snyder, H. (2019). Literature review as a research methodology: An overview and guidelines. Journal of Business Research, 104, 333-339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.07.039
Spatari, S., Stadel, A., Adler, P. R., Kar, S., Parton, W. J., Hicks, K. B., McAloon, A. J., y Gurian, P. L. (2020). The role of biorefinery co-products, market proximity and feedstock environmental footprint in meeting biofuel policy goals for winter barley-to-ethanol. Energies, 13(9), 2236. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13092236
Stewart, D. W., Cortés-Peña, Y. R., Li, Y., Stillwell, A. S., Khanna, M., y Guest, J. S. (2023). Implications of Biorefinery Policy Incentives and Location-Specific Economic Parameters for the Financial Viability of Biofuels. Environmental Science & Technology, 57(6), 2262-2271. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.2c07936
Sydney, E. B., Velez, A. M., Novak, A. S., Messias, J. V., De Carvalho, J. C., y Soccol, C. R. (2018). Bioethanol from microalgae: Technical aspects to guide technological development. In M. Brienzo (Ed.), Bioethanol and beyond: Advances in production process and future directions (pp. 167-202). Nova Science Publishers.
Tan, I. S., Lam, M. K., Foo, H. C. Y., Lim, S., Lee, K. T. (2020). Advances of Macroalgae Biomass for the Third Generation of Bioethanol Production. Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering, 28(2), 502-517. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjche.2019.05.012
Tong, K. T. X., Tan, I. S., Foo, H. C. Y., Lam, M. K., Lim, S., y Lee, K. T. (2022). Advancement of biorefinery-derived platform chemicals from macroalgae: a perspective for bioethanol and lactic acid. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, 14, 1443-1479. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-022-02561-7
Vásconez, G. H., Caicedo, L. A., Véliz, D. V., y Sánchez, F. D. (2021). Producción de biomasa en cultivos de maíz: Zona central de la costa de Ecuador. Revista de Ciencias Sociales (Ve), XXVII(E-3), 417-431. https://doi.org/10.31876/rcs.v27i.36528
Velasquez-Rivera, J. R., Melendez, J. R., Roca-Argüelles, M. G., y Rodríguez-Sánchez, J. L. (2022). Kinetics of drying Bactris gasipaes Kunth sub-products: comparison of mathematical models. Revista de la Facultad de Agronomía de la Universidad del Zulia, 39(1), e223901. https://doi.org/10.47280/RevFacAgron(LUZ).v39.n1.01
Publicado
2026-07-06
Cómo citar
Melendez, J. R., Gutierrez, L., Melendez-Malvacias, V., & Villavicencio, N. (2026). Desarrollo sostenible del bioetanol de tercera generación: Desafíos tecnológicos, económicos y de gestión en biorrefinerías algales. Revista De Ciencias Sociales, 32, 536-555. https://doi.org/10.31876/rcs.v32i.45852
Sección
Artículos
Esta obra está bajo licencia internacional Creative Commons Reconocimiento-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0.
1.jpg)
1.jpg)
