Diferencias de edad en los accidentes de trabajo: Estudio transversal en asalariados del Ecuador
Palabras clave:
Edad, accidentes de trabajo, trabajadores, seguridad, salud
Resumen
Los accidentes de trabajo son un problema de salud laboral y pueden estar asociados a la edad. Este artículo tiene como objetivo principal comparar las diferencias en los accidentes de trabajo entre jóvenes y adultos en una submuestra representativa en la República del Ecuador. Se trata de un estudio analítico de corte transversal basado en la Encuesta Nacional de Empleo, Desempleo y Subempleo (n = 4.562) de 2018. El análisis consistió en el cálculo de prevalencias y Odds Ratio (IC95%) por características sociodemográficas, laborales y de empleo, considerando a los adultos como grupo de referencia. En general, se encontraron importantes diferencias en los accidentes de trabajo entre jóvenes y adultos. La prevalencia en adultos (4%) fue mayor que en jóvenes (2,4%). Por el contrario, los jóvenes indígenas (9,2%; OR = 2,527 [2,271-2,812]) y en áreas rurales (6,4%; OR = 1,776 [1,696-1,859]) presentaron mayor prevalencia y riesgo en comparación con los adultos. Los resultados no apoyan la hipótesis de que los trabajadores jóvenes tienen más accidentes de trabajo frente a los adultos. Se concluye que se necesitan más investigaciones para ampliar estos hallazgos y buscar otros factores que puedan estar asociados a los accidentes de trabajo.
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• Merino-Salazar, P., Cornelio, C., Lopez-Ruiz, M., y Benavides, F. G. (2018). Propuesta de indicadores para la vigilancia de la salud ocupacional en América Latina y el Caribe. Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública, 42, e125. https://doi.org/10.26633/RPSP.2018.125
• Naimi, A. I., Schnitzer, M. E., Moodie, E. E. M., y Bodnar, L. M. (2016). Mediation analysis for health disparities research. American Journal of Epidemiology, 184(4), 315-324. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwv329
• Neusa, G., Alvear, R. R., Cabezas, E. B., y Jiménez, J. F. (2019). Riesgos disergonómicos: Biometría postural de los trabajadores de plantas industriales en Ecuador. Revista de Ciencias Sociales (Ve), XXV(E-1), 415-428. https://doi.org/10.31876/rcs.v25i1.29632
• Niedhammer, I., Coindre, K., Memmi, S., Bertrais, S., y Chastang, J-F. (2020). Working conditions and depression in the French national working population: Results from the SUMER study. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 123, 178-186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.01.003
• Nielsen, M. L., Dyreborg, J., Kines, P., Nielsen, K. J., y Rasmussen, K. (2013). Exploring and expanding the category of ‘young workers’ according to situated ways of doing risk and safety - A case study in the retail industry. Nordic Journal of Working Life Studies, 3(3), 219-234. https://doi.org/10.19154/njwls.v3i3.3019
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• Organización Panamericana de la Salud – OPS (2015). Plan de Acción sobre la Salud de los Trabajadores 2015-2025. OPS. https://iris.paho.org/bitstream/handle/10665.2/33983/CD54_10Rev.%201-spa.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
• Pérez, J. J., Rincón, N., Huerta, I., y Urdaneta, F. (2001). Diagnóstico socioeconómico de la comunidad agrícola La Estrella, estado Zulia. Revista de Ciencias Sociales, VII(1), 23-33.
• Pransky, G. S., Benjamin, K. L., Savageau, J. A., Currivan, D., y Fletcher, K. (2005). Outcomes in work-related injuries: A comparison of older and younger workers. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 47(2), 104-112. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajim.20122
• Resolución del IESS 513 de 2016 [Instituto Ecuatoriano de Seguridad Social – IESS]. Por el cual se aprueba el Reglamento del Seguro General de Riesgos del Trabajo. 12 de julio de 2016.
• Rommel, A., Varnaccia, G., Lahmann, N., Kottner, J., y Kroll, L. E. (2016). Occupational injuries in Germany: Population-Wide national survey data emphasize the importance of work-related factors. PLoS ONE, 11(2), e0148798. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0148798
• Ronconi, L. (2012). Globalization, domestic institutions and enforcement of labor law: Evidence from Latin America. Industrial Relations, 51(1), 89-105. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-232X.2011.00664.x
• Salazar, E. A., Castillo, M. M., Santander, E. S., y Alcívar, J. P. (2022). Contexto socioeconómico del subempleo en el cantón Esmeraldas-Ecuador. Revista de Ciencias Sociales, 28(E-5), 220-233. https://doi.org/10.31876/rcs.v28i.38158
• Salminen, S. (2004). Have young workers more injuries than older ones? An international literature review. Journal of Safety Research, 35(5), 513-521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2004.08.005
• Sámano-Ríos, M. L., Ijaz, S., Ruotsalainen, J., Breslin, F. C., Gummesson, K., y Verbeek, J. (2019). Occupational safety and health interventions to protect young workers from hazardous work – A scoping review. Safety Science, 1(113), 389-403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2018.11.024
• Seabury, S. A., Terp, S., y Boden, L. I. (2017). Racial and ethnic differences in the frequency of workplace injuries and prevalence of work-related disability. Health Affairs, 36(2), 266-273. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2016.1185
• Seo, J-I., Shin, G-S., Kim, M. G., y Min, Y-S. (2018). Relationship between occupational injuries and the provision of safety and health information: Data from the 4th Korean working conditions survey. Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 30(1), 36. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-018-0247-7
• Strong, L. L., y Zimmerman, F. J. (2005). Occupational injury and absence from work among African American, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic White workers in the national longitudinal survey of youth. American Journal of Public Health, 95(7), 1226-1232. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2004.044396
• Sudhinaraset, M., y Blum, R. W. (2010). The unique developmental considerations of youth-related work injuries. International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health, 16(2), 216-222.
• Takala, J., Hämäläinen, P., Saarela, K. L., Yun, L. Y., Manickam, K., Jin, T. W., Heng, P., Tjong, C., Kheng, L. G., Lim, S., y Lin, G. S. (2014). Global estimates of the burden of injury and illness at work in 2012. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 11(5), 326-337. https://doi.org/10.1080/15459624.2013.863131
• Tucker, S., Diekrager, D., Turner, N., y Kelloway, E. K. (2014). Work-related injury underreporting among young workers: Prevalence, gender differences, and explanations for underreporting. Journal of Safety Research, 50, 67-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2014.04.001
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• Young, A. E., Wasiak, R., Webster, B. S., y Shayne, R. G. F. (2008). Urban-rural differences in work disability after an occupational injury. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health, 34(2), 158-164. https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.1217
• Crawford, J. O., Graveling, R. A., Cowie, H. A., y Dixon, K. (2010). The health safety and health promotion needs of older workers. Occupational Medicine, 60(3), 184-192. https://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqq028
• Dragano, N., Barbaranelli, C., Reuter, M., Wahrendorf, M., Wright, B., Ronchetti, M., Buresti, G., Di Tecco, C., e Iavicoli, S. (2018). Young workers’ access to and awareness of occupational safety and health services: Age-Differences and possible drivers in a large survey of employees in Italy. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(7), 1511. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15071511
• Dragano, N., Lunau, T., Eikemo, T. A., Toch-Marquardt, M., Van der Wel, K. A., y Bambra, C. (2015). Who knows the risk? A multilevel study of systematic variations in work-related safety knowledge in the European workforce. Occupational & environmental medicine, 72(8), 553-559. https://doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2014-102402
• European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions – Eurofound (2016). Sixth European Working Conditions Survey – Overview report. https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/sites/default/files/ef_publication/field_ef_document/ef1634en.pdf
• Farrow, A., y Reynolds, F. (2012). Health and safety of the older worker. Occupational Medicine, 62(1), 4-11. https://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqr148
• Fratta, K. A., Levy, M. J., Brothers, J. M., Baer, G. D., y Scharf, B. (2020). Occupational injury claims related to patient lifting and moving in a safety-oriented emergency medical services agency. Cureus, 12(9), e10404. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.10404
• Hämäläinen, P., Takala, J., y Boon, T. (3-6 de septiembre de 2017). Global Estimates of Occupational Accidents and Work-related Illnesses [Discurso principal]. XXI World Congress on Safety and Health at Work, Singapore.
• Hanvold, T. N., Kines, P., Nykänen, M., Ólafsdóttir, S., Thomée, S., Holte, K. A., Vuori, J., Wærsted, M., y Veiersted, K. B. (2016). Young workers and sustainable work life: Special emphasis on Nordic conditions. TemaNord.
• Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos - INEC (2018). Encuesta Nacional de Empleo, Desempleo y Subempleo (ENEMDU) 2018. https://www.ecuadorencifras.gob.ec/enemdu-2018/
• International Labour Organization – ILO (2018). Improving the Safety and Health of Young Workers. ILO. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---safework/documents/publication/wcms_625223.pdf
• International Labour Organization – ILO (2019). Safety and Health at the Heart of the Future of Work: Building on 100 years of experience. ILO. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/documents/publication/wcms_686645.pdf
• Kowalski-Trakofler, K. M., Steiner, L. J., y Schwerha, D. J. (2005). Safety considerations for the aging workforce. Safety Science, 43(10), 779-793. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2005.08.014
• Laberge, M., y Ledoux, E. (2011). Occupational health and safety issues affecting young workers: A literature review. Work, 39(3), 215-232. https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-2011-1170
• López-Ruiz, M., Artazcoz, L., Martínez, J. M., Rojas, M., y Benavides, F. G. (2015). Informal employment and health status in Central America. BMC Public Health, 15, 698. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-2030-9
• Mekkodathil, A., El-Menyar, A., Kanbar, A., Hakim, S., Ahmed, K., Siddiqui, T., y Al-Thani, H. (2020). Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of fall-related injuries: A retrospective study. BMC Public Health, 20(1), 1186. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09268-2
• Merino-Salazar, P., Cornelio, C., Lopez-Ruiz, M., y Benavides, F. G. (2018). Propuesta de indicadores para la vigilancia de la salud ocupacional en América Latina y el Caribe. Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública, 42, e125. https://doi.org/10.26633/RPSP.2018.125
• Naimi, A. I., Schnitzer, M. E., Moodie, E. E. M., y Bodnar, L. M. (2016). Mediation analysis for health disparities research. American Journal of Epidemiology, 184(4), 315-324. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwv329
• Neusa, G., Alvear, R. R., Cabezas, E. B., y Jiménez, J. F. (2019). Riesgos disergonómicos: Biometría postural de los trabajadores de plantas industriales en Ecuador. Revista de Ciencias Sociales (Ve), XXV(E-1), 415-428. https://doi.org/10.31876/rcs.v25i1.29632
• Niedhammer, I., Coindre, K., Memmi, S., Bertrais, S., y Chastang, J-F. (2020). Working conditions and depression in the French national working population: Results from the SUMER study. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 123, 178-186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.01.003
• Nielsen, M. L., Dyreborg, J., Kines, P., Nielsen, K. J., y Rasmussen, K. (2013). Exploring and expanding the category of ‘young workers’ according to situated ways of doing risk and safety - A case study in the retail industry. Nordic Journal of Working Life Studies, 3(3), 219-234. https://doi.org/10.19154/njwls.v3i3.3019
• Ordaz, E., y Ronda-Pérez, E. (2015). Salud y condiciones de trabajo en trabajadores mayores. Medicina y Seguridad del Trabajo, 61(240), 314-324. https://doi.org/10.4321/S0465-546X2015000300002
• Organización Panamericana de la Salud – OPS (2015). Plan de Acción sobre la Salud de los Trabajadores 2015-2025. OPS. https://iris.paho.org/bitstream/handle/10665.2/33983/CD54_10Rev.%201-spa.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
• Pérez, J. J., Rincón, N., Huerta, I., y Urdaneta, F. (2001). Diagnóstico socioeconómico de la comunidad agrícola La Estrella, estado Zulia. Revista de Ciencias Sociales, VII(1), 23-33.
• Pransky, G. S., Benjamin, K. L., Savageau, J. A., Currivan, D., y Fletcher, K. (2005). Outcomes in work-related injuries: A comparison of older and younger workers. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 47(2), 104-112. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajim.20122
• Resolución del IESS 513 de 2016 [Instituto Ecuatoriano de Seguridad Social – IESS]. Por el cual se aprueba el Reglamento del Seguro General de Riesgos del Trabajo. 12 de julio de 2016.
• Rommel, A., Varnaccia, G., Lahmann, N., Kottner, J., y Kroll, L. E. (2016). Occupational injuries in Germany: Population-Wide national survey data emphasize the importance of work-related factors. PLoS ONE, 11(2), e0148798. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0148798
• Ronconi, L. (2012). Globalization, domestic institutions and enforcement of labor law: Evidence from Latin America. Industrial Relations, 51(1), 89-105. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-232X.2011.00664.x
• Salazar, E. A., Castillo, M. M., Santander, E. S., y Alcívar, J. P. (2022). Contexto socioeconómico del subempleo en el cantón Esmeraldas-Ecuador. Revista de Ciencias Sociales, 28(E-5), 220-233. https://doi.org/10.31876/rcs.v28i.38158
• Salminen, S. (2004). Have young workers more injuries than older ones? An international literature review. Journal of Safety Research, 35(5), 513-521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2004.08.005
• Sámano-Ríos, M. L., Ijaz, S., Ruotsalainen, J., Breslin, F. C., Gummesson, K., y Verbeek, J. (2019). Occupational safety and health interventions to protect young workers from hazardous work – A scoping review. Safety Science, 1(113), 389-403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2018.11.024
• Seabury, S. A., Terp, S., y Boden, L. I. (2017). Racial and ethnic differences in the frequency of workplace injuries and prevalence of work-related disability. Health Affairs, 36(2), 266-273. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2016.1185
• Seo, J-I., Shin, G-S., Kim, M. G., y Min, Y-S. (2018). Relationship between occupational injuries and the provision of safety and health information: Data from the 4th Korean working conditions survey. Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 30(1), 36. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-018-0247-7
• Strong, L. L., y Zimmerman, F. J. (2005). Occupational injury and absence from work among African American, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic White workers in the national longitudinal survey of youth. American Journal of Public Health, 95(7), 1226-1232. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2004.044396
• Sudhinaraset, M., y Blum, R. W. (2010). The unique developmental considerations of youth-related work injuries. International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health, 16(2), 216-222.
• Takala, J., Hämäläinen, P., Saarela, K. L., Yun, L. Y., Manickam, K., Jin, T. W., Heng, P., Tjong, C., Kheng, L. G., Lim, S., y Lin, G. S. (2014). Global estimates of the burden of injury and illness at work in 2012. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 11(5), 326-337. https://doi.org/10.1080/15459624.2013.863131
• Tucker, S., Diekrager, D., Turner, N., y Kelloway, E. K. (2014). Work-related injury underreporting among young workers: Prevalence, gender differences, and explanations for underreporting. Journal of Safety Research, 50, 67-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2014.04.001
• United Nations – UN (2015). Transforming our world: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (A/RES/70/1). https://www.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/resource-pdf/Resolution_A_RES_70_1_EN.pdf
• Young, A. E., Wasiak, R., Webster, B. S., y Shayne, R. G. F. (2008). Urban-rural differences in work disability after an occupational injury. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health, 34(2), 158-164. https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.1217
Publicado
2023-04-19
Cómo citar
Gómez García, A. R., Espín García, L. S., & Ramos Barrionuevo, G. G. (2023). Diferencias de edad en los accidentes de trabajo: Estudio transversal en asalariados del Ecuador. Revista De Ciencias Sociales, 29(2), 444-455. https://doi.org/10.31876/rcs.v29i2.39987
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