Outpatient treatment for Canine Parvovirosis: evaluation of Hemogram test, C–reactive protein and lactate

• Oscar Vinicio Guallasamín–Quisilema Universidad Católica de Cuenca. Cuenca, Azuay, Ecuador
• Juan Carlos Armas–Ariza Universidad Católica de Cuenca. Cuenca, Azuay, Ecuador
• Violeta Marlene Moreno–López Universidad Católica de Cuenca. Cuenca, Azuay, Ecuador
• Oscar Eduardo Espinoza–Miranda Universidad Católica de Cuenca. Cuenca, Azuay, Ecuador

DOI: https://doi.org/10.52973/rcfcv-e33246

Keywords: Parvovirus, puppies, diarrhea, vomiting, anorexia

Abstract

Parvovirus is an aggressive, infectious disease found frequently in canines (Canis lupus familiaris) less than a year old without vaccinations or vaccinated inadequately. The virus causes symptoms such as fever, anorexia, vomiting, bloody diarrhea, dehydration, weight loss, and depression. For such reasons as high mortality rate and elevated costs of hospitalization in order to receive treatments, this investigation had the overall goal of evaluating the possibility of an alternative outpatient treatment for this illness at the Clinica Veterinaria Mariana de Jesús, in the City of Quito, Ecuador, from July of 2022 to December of 2022. The evaluation consisted of monitoring the composition of the following blood count parameters: hematocrit, leukocyte count, and hemoglobin concentration in addition to the plasma levels of C–reactive protein and lactate during 4 d of treatment administration. The diagnosis of the disease was achieved using immunochromatography tests with stool samples. The study group consisted of 34 canine patients of various breeds, males and females, and all under one year of age who underwent the administration of the outpatient treatment protocol consisting of 24–h intervals between each application for 4 d. Each patient was discharged based on their clinical evolution.The survival rate of the patients was 85.3%. Mortality was directly related to hypothermia and the quantity of d they showed clinical signs before receiving treatment. The research indicates that C–reactive protein levels decrease significantly due to the outpatient treatment.

References

Sykes J. Canine Parvovirus Infections and Other Viral Enteritides. Canine and Feline Infectious Diseases. Elsevier Public Health Emergency Collection. 2014; p 141–151.

Perley K, Burns CC, Maguire C, Shen V, Joffe E, Stefanovski D, Redding L, Germanis L, Drobatz KJ, Watson B. Retrospective evaluation of outpatient canine parvovirus treatment in a shelter–based low–cost urban clinic. J. Vet. Emerg. Crit. Care. [Internet]. 2020; 30(2):202–8. doi: https://doi.org/kdfc

Grecco S, Iraola G, Decaro N, Alfieri A, Alfieri A, Gallo–Calderón M, da Silva AP, Aldaz J, Calleros L, Marandino A, Tomás G, Maya L, Francia L, Panzera Y, Pérez R. Inter and intracontinental migrations and local differentiation have shaped the contemporary epidemiological landscape of canine parvovirus in South America. Virus Evol. [Internet]. 2018;4(1):vey011. doi: https://doi.org/gdcrm4

Cárdenas A, Díaz G, Quiñones–Ramos JR. Parvovirosis canina en la provincia Bolívar, Ecuador. Utilidad de los modelos Box–Jenkins para su análisis y predicción. Rev. Salud Anim. [Internet]. 2012 [consultado 3 Ago 2023]; 34:165–72. Disponible en: https://bit.ly/45vafBx

Kubesy AA, Rakha GM, Salem SI, Jaheen AH. Altered blood procalcitonin, C–reactive protein, and leucocytes count in association with canine parvovirus (CPV) enteritis. Comp. Clin. Path. [Internet]. 2019; 28(4):1095–9. doi: https://doi.org/kdfd

Nelson RW, Couto CG. Medicina Interna de Pequeños Animales. 6ta ed. Zaragoza: Grupo Asis Biomedia SL. 2020; 1608 p.

Khatri R, Poonam–Mohan H, Minakshi, CSP. Epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of canine Parvovirus disease in dogs: A mini review. J. Vet. Sci. Med. Diagn. [Internet]. 2017; 06(03):2–4. doi: https://doi.org/kdff

Ettinger SJ, En SJ. Tratado de Medicina Interna Veterinaria. 8va ed. Zaragoza: Grupo Asis Biomedia SL. 2021; 2181 p.

Madrigal C. Analisis clínicos en pequeños animales. Buenos Aires: Inter–Médica. 2013; p 37–69.

Kokaturk M. Inflammatory and oxidative biomarkers of disease severity in dogs with parvoviral enteritis. J. Small Anim. Pract. [Internet]. 2015; 56(02):119–24.

Vélez–Páez JL, Aguayo–Moscoso SX, Montalvo–Villagómez M, Jara–González F, Vélez–Páez PA, Velarde–Montero G, Rueda–Barragán FE, Torres–Cabezas P. Lactato: fisiología,bioquímica y metabolismo de la produccion energética celular. Rev. Científ. INSPILIP. [Internet]. 2021; 5(1):1–19. doi: https://doi.org/kppx

Tinky SS, Ambily R, Nair SR, Mini M. Utility of a rapid immunochromatographic strip test in detecting canine parvovirus infection compared with polymerase chain reaction. Vet. World. [Internet]. 2015; 8(4):523–6. doi: https://doi.org/kdfg

Omersel J, Gobec M, Božič B. Chromatography | Electrophoresis: Affinity separation techniques. En: Reference Module in Chemistry, Molecular Sciences and Chemical Engineering. Encyclopedia of Analytical Science. [Internet]. 3rd ed. Elsevier; Ámsterdam. 2019; p 62–70. doi: https://doi.org/kdfj

Schoeman JP, Goddard A, Leisewitz AL. Biomarkers in canine parvovirus enteritis. N. Z. Vet. J. [Internet]. 2013; 61(4):217–22. https://doi.org/ggj6n2

Castro TX, Garcia Rde CNCG, Gonçalves LPS, Costa EM, Marcello GCG, Labarthe NV, Mendes de Almeida, F. Clinical, hematological, andbiochemical findings in puppies with coronavirus and parvovirus enteritis. Can Vet J. [Internet]. 2013 [consultado 2 Ago 2023]; 54(9):885–9. Disponible en PMID: 24155496.

Terzungwe TM. Hematological Parameters of Dogs Infected With Canine Parvovirus Enteritis in Sumy Ukraine. World J. of Innovative Res. [Internet]. 2018 [consultado 4 Ago 2023]; 5(3):1–5. Disponible en: https://bit.ly/3E1k9PQ.

Mazzaferro EM. Update on canine parvoviral enteritis. Vet Clin North Am. Small Anim. Pract. [Internet]. 2020; 50(6):1307–25. doi: https://doi.org/gqtcm5

McClure V, van Schoor M, Thompson PN, Kjelgaard–Hansen M, Goddard A. Evaluation of the use of serum C–reactive protein concentration to predict outcome in puppies infected with canine parvovirus. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. [Internet]. 2013; 243(3):361–6. doi: https://doi.org/f46g9g

Sarpong KJ, Lukowski JM, Knapp CG. Evaluation of mortality rate and predictors of outcome in dogs receiving outpatient treatment for parvoviral enteritis. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. [Internet]. 2017; 251(9):1035–41. doi: https://doi.org/gcgknk

Kocaturk M, Martinez S, Eralp O, Tvarijonaviciute A, Ceron J, Yilmaz Z. Prognostic value of serum acute–phase proteins in dogs with parvoviral enteritis. J. Small. Anim. Pract. [Internet]. 2010; 51(9):478–83. doi: https://doi.org/dwfjn4

Holm JL, Rozanski EA, Freeman LM, Webster CRL. C–reactive protein concentrations in canine acute pancreatitis. J. Vet. Emerg. Crit. Care. [Internet]. 2004; 14(3):183–6. doi: https://doi.org/bd8j9t

Burton SA, Honor DJ, Mackenzie AL, Eckersall PD, Markham RJ, Horney BS. C–reactive protein concentration in dogs with inflammatory leukograms. Am. J. Vet. Res. [Internet]. 1994 [consultado 4 Ago 2023]; 55(5):613–8. Disponible en: PMID: 8067607.

Yamamoto S, Shida T, Miyaji S, Santsuka H, Fujise H, Mukawa K, Furukawa E, Nagae T, Naiki M. Changes in serum C–reactive protein levels in dogs with various disorders and surgical traumas. Vet. Res. Commun. [Internet]. 1993;17(2):85–93. doi: https://doi.org/dw349v

Eregowda CG, De UK, Singh M, Prasad H, Akhilesh, Sarma K, et al. Assessment of certain biomarkers for predicting survival in response to treatment in dogs naturally infected with canine parvovirus. Microb Pathog. [Internet]. 2020; 149:104485. doi: https://doi.org/kpqm

Venn EC, Barnes AJ, Hansen RJ, Boscan PL, Twedt DC, Sullivan LA. Serum D‐lactate concentrations in dogs with parvoviral enteritis. J. Vet. Intern. Med. [Internet]. 2020; 34(2):691–9. doi: https://doi.org/kpqn