Biofilm-forming of Candida parapsilosis sensu stricto and its susceptibility profile in Venezuela

Keywords: -forming, Candida parapsilosis, Candidemia, Antifungals, Gentian violet, Congo red

Abstract

One of the main consequences of biofilm development is resistance to antifungals. Biofilm-forming by Candida parapsilosis sensu stricto isolated from blood and its susceptibility profile was determined. Thirty strains of C. parapsilosis sensu stricto belonging to the Candidemia Network of the Mycology Department of the Instituto Nacional de Higiene Rafael Rangel-Venezuela, were evaluated by microplate quantitative method with violet crystal staining, and Sabouraud dextrose agar supplemented with Congo red qualitative method. The microdilution method was used to determine the susceptibility, according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute M-27 document. Biofilm formation of C. parapsilosis sensu stricto by both quantitative and qualitative method was 63% and 50%, respectively. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of the qualitative method were 61.1%, 23%, 78.6%, and 43.8% respectively, when compared with quantitative method. Planktonic isolates were 100% sensitive to amphotericin B and caspofungin, with variable susceptibility to azoles. Quantitative method is a reliable assay to determine biofilm formation, while qualitative method can be used as an initial screening assay. No relationship was found between susceptibility of planktonic isolates and the ability to biofilm-forming.

Author Biographies

Xiomara Moreno Calderón, La Floresta Medical Institute. Caracas
Microbiólogo del Departamento de Microbiología del Instituto Médico la Floresta
Mirexia Eva Marcano-Vásquez, Dr. Rapela Biomedical Laboratory. Buenos Aires
Microbiólogo del Departamento de Microbiología Clínica
Giuseppe Antonio Ferrara-Valvano, Reference Laboratory Referlab. Caracas.
Microbiólogo del Departamento de Microbiología
María Mercedes Panizo-Domínguez, Venezuela´s Microbiology Society. Caracas.
Secretaria de publicaciones de la junta directiva nacional de la SVM
Nataly Johana García-Centeno, Reference Laboratory Referlab. Caracas.
Microbiólogo del Departamento de Microbiología

References

Fanning S, Mitchell AP. Fungal Biofilms. PLOS Pathog [Internet]. 2012;8(4):e1002585. Disponible en: https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1002585 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002585 PMID 22496639 PMCID PMC3320593 Google Académico

Del Pozo JL, Cantón E. Candidiasis asociada a biopelículas. Rev Iberoam Micol [Internet]. 2016;33(3):176-83. Disponible en: https://www.elsevier.es/es-revista-revista-iberoamericana-micologia-290-articulo-candidiasis-asociada-biopeliculas-S1130140615000571 DOI: 10.1016/j.riam.2015.06.004 PMID 27395021 Google Académico

Douglas LJ. Candida biofilms and their role in infection. Trends Microbiol [Internet]. 2003;11(1):30-6. Disponible en: https://www.cell.com/trends/microbiology/fulltext/S0966-842X(02)00002-1?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0966842X02000021%3Fshowall%3Dtrue DOI: 10.1016/S0966-842X(02)00002-1 PMID 12526852 Google Académico

Chandra J, Mukherjee PK. Candida Biofilms: Development, Architecture, and Resistance. Microbiol Spectr [Internet]. 2015;3(4). Disponible en: https://www.asmscience.org/content/journal/microbiolspec/10.1128/microbiolspec.MB-0020-2015 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.MB-0020-2015 PMID 26350306 PMCID PMC4566167 Google Académico

Trofa D, Gácser A, Nosanchuk JD. Candida parapsilosis, an Emerging Fungal Pathogen. Clin Microbiol Rev [Internet]. 2008;21(4):606-625. Disponible en: http://cmr.asm.org/content/21/4/606.abstract DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00013-08 PMID 18854483 PMCID: PMC2570155 Google Académico

Moreno X. Biopelículas en el Complejo Candida parapsilosis. Act Científica SVBE [Internet]. 2017;20(1):33-40. Disponible en: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Xiomara_Calderon/publication/336229830_Biopeliculas_en_el_Complejo_Candida_parapsilosis/links/5d954caf299bf1c363f2c794/Biopeliculas-en-el-Complejo-Candida-parapsilosis.pdf

Moreno X, Reviákina V, Panizo MM, Ferrara G, García N, Alarcón V, et al. Frecuencia y perfil de sensibilidad in vitro de aislamientos del Complejo Candida parapsilosis provenientes de pacientes con candidemias. Rev la Soc Venez Microbiol [Internet]. 2015;35(2):103-10. Disponible en: https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=199444210008 Google Académico

Moreno X, Reviakina V, Panizo MM, Ferrara G, García N, Alarcón V, et al. Identificación molecular y sensibilidad a los antifúngicos de aislamientos de sangre del complejo Candida parapsilosis en Venezuela. Rev Iberoam Micol [Internet]. 2017;34(3):165-70. Disponible en: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1130140617300220 DOI: 10.1016/j.riam.2016.11.005 PMID 28457646 Google Académico

Panizo MM, Reviákina V, Montes W, González G. Mantenimiento y preservación de hongos en agua destilada y aceite mineral. Rev la Soc Venez Microbiol. 2005;25:35-40. Disponible en: https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/1994/199416547007.pdf Google Académico

Passerini de Rossi B, Calenda M, Vay C, Franco M. Biofilm formation by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia isolates from device-associated nosocomial infections. Rev Argent Microbiol. 2007;39(4):204-12. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18390153-biofilm-formation-by-stenotrophomonas-maltophilia-isolates-from-device-associated-nosocomial-infections/?from_single_result=18390153 PMID 18390153 Google Académico

Stepanović S, Vuković D, Hola V, Bonaventura GDI, Djukić S, Ćirković I, et al. Quantification of biofilm in microtiter plates: overview of testing conditions and practical recommendations for assessment of biofilm production by staphylococci. APMIS. 2007;115(8):891-9. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2007.apm_630.x PMID 17696944 Google Académico

Bravo Fariñas L, Salazar Noblet D, Arce MA, García H, Ramírez M, Cabrera LE, et al. Estudio de factores de virulencia en cepas de Plesiomonas shigelloides aisladas de animales domésticos y afectivos. REDVET Rev Electrónica Vet [Internet]. 2005;VI(10):1-12. Disponible en: https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=63617978021 Google Académico

CLSI. Reference Method for Broth Dilution Antifungal Susceptibility Testing of Yeasts. 4 th ed. CLSI Standard M27. Wayne, PA: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute; 2017.

CLSI. Performance Standards for Antifungal Susceptibility Testing of Yeasts. 1st ed. CLSI Supplement M60. Wayne, PA: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute; 2017.

Pfaller MA, Espinel-Ingroff A, Canton E, Castanheira M, Cuenca-Estrella M, Diekema DJ, et al. Wild-Type MIC Distributions and Epidemiological Cutoff Values for Amphotericin B, Flucytosine, and Itraconazole and Candida spp. as Determined by CLSI Broth Microdilution. J Clin Microbiol [Internet]. 2012;50(6):2040-6. Disponible en: http://jcm.asm.org/content/50/6/2040.abstract DOI: 10.1128/JCM.00248-12 PMID 22461672 PMCID PMC3372147 Google Académico

European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing Antifungal Agents Breakpoint tables for interpretation of MICs [Internet]. 2015 [citado 25 de noviembre de 2019]. Disponible en: http://www.eucast.org/fileadmin/src/media/PDFs/EUCAST_files/AFST/Clinical_breakpoints/Antifungal_breakpoints_v_9.0_180212.pdf

Marcos-Zambrano LJ, Escribano P, Bouza E, Guinea J. Production of biofilm by Candida and non-Candida spp. isolates causing fungemia: Comparison of biomass production and metabolic activity and development of cut-off points. Int J Med Microbiol [Internet]. 2014;304(8):1192-8. Disponible en: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1438422114001118 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2014.08.012 PMID 25224357 Google Académico

Melo AS, Bizerra FC, Freymüller E, Arthington-Skaggs BA, Colombo AL. Biofilm production and evaluation of antifungal susceptibility amongst clinical Candida spp. isolates, including strains of the Candida parapsilosis complex. Med Mycol [Internet]. 2011;49(3):253-62. Disponible en: https://academic.oup.com/mmy/article/49/3/253/1093714 DOI 10.3109/13693786.2010.530032 PMID 21039308 Google Académico

Tumbarello M, Fiori B, Trecarichi EM, Posteraro P, Losito AR, De Luca A, et al. Risk Factors and Outcomes of Candidemia Caused by Biofilm-Forming Isolates in a Tertiary Care Hospital. PLoS One [Internet]. 2012;7(3):e33705. Disponible en: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0033705 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033705 PMID 22479431 PMCID PMC3316499 Google Académico

Sanguinetti M, Posteraro B. Diagnostic of Fungal Infections Related to Biofilms. En: Imbert C, editor. Fungal Biofilms and related infections: Advances in Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Public Health. Volume 3 [Internet]. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2016. p. 63-82. Disponible en: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F5584_2016_9 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2016_9 PMID 27300347 PMCID PMC3316499 Google Académico

Colombo A, Cortés A, Finkelievich J, Riera F, Rojas R, Thompson L, et al. Candidemia (Candidiasis invasora en adultos). Capítulo 3. En: Riera F, Editor. Manual de Infecciones Fúngicas Sistémicas. 3era ed. Asociación Panamericana de Infectología. Córdoba: Recfot, 2019. p. 35-55.

Ramage G, Rajendran R, Sherry L, Williams C. Fungal Biofilm Resistance. Int J Microbiol [Internet]. 2012;2012:528521. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/528521 DOI: 10.1155/2012/528521 PMID 22518145 PMCID PMC3299327 Google Académico

Venkatesh M, Rong L, Raad I, Versalovic J. Novel synergistic antibiofilm combinations for salvage of infected catheters. J Med Microbiol [Internet]. 2009;58(7):936-44. Disponible en: https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jmm/10.1099/jmm.0.009761-0 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.009761-0 PMID 19502361 Google Académico

Peeters E, Nelis HJ, Coenye T. Comparison of multiple methods for quantification of microbial biofilms grown in microtiter plates. J Microbiol Methods [Internet]. 2008;72(2):157-65. Disponible en: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167701207003909 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2007.11.010 PMID 18155789 Google Académico

Costa-Orlandi CB, Sardi JCO, Pitangui NS, de Oliveira HC, Scorzoni L, Galeane MC, et al. Fungal biofilms and polymicrobial diseases. J Fungi [Internet]. 2017;3(2):22. Disponible en: http://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/3/2/22 DOI: 10.3390/jof3020022 PMID 29371540 PMCID PMC5715925 Google Académico

Krom BP, Willems HME. In Vitro Models for Candida Biofilm Development. En: Calderone R, Cihlar R, editores. Candida Species: Methods and Protocols [Internet]. New York, NY: Springer New York; 2016. p. 95-105. Disponible en: https://link.springer.com/protocol/10.1007%2F978-1-4939-3052-4_8 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3052-4_8 PMID 26519068 Google Académico

Castrillón Rivera LE, Palma Ramos A, Padilla Desgarennes M del C. Biopelículas fúngicas. Dermatol Rev Mex [Internet]. 2013;57(5):350-61. Disponible en: https://www.medigraphic.com/pdfs/derrevmex/rmd-2013/rmd135g.pdf Google Académico

Tsui C, Kong EF, Jabra-Rizk MA. Pathogenesis of Candida albicans biofilm. Pathog Dis [Internet]. 2016;74(4). Disponible en: https://academic.oup.com/femspd/article/74/4/ftw018/2389141 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftw018 PMID 26960943 PMCID: PMC5975230 Google Académico

Published
2020-02-12
How to Cite
1.
Moreno Calderón X, Marcano-Vásquez ME, Ferrara-Valvano GA, Panizo-Domínguez MM, García-Centeno NJ. Biofilm-forming of Candida parapsilosis sensu stricto and its susceptibility profile in Venezuela. Kasmera [Internet]. 2020Feb.12 [cited 2024May24];48(1):e48119122019. Available from: https://www.produccioncientificaluz.org/index.php/kasmera/article/view/30671
Section
Original Articles