Características de los gallineros ponedores y prácticas de gestión sanitaria en Argelia
Resumen
Considerando la importancia de las granjas comerciales de gallinas ponedoras en el sector de la producción de huevos en Argelia. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo describir los gallineros de gallinas ponedoras y las prácticas de gestión sanitaria utilizadas en granjas avícolas de alta densidad. Entre 2024 y 2025 (enero y abril), se llevó a cabo una encuesta transversal en 144 granjas comerciales en la provincia de Batna, Argelia, a través de cuestionarios estructurados con la ayuda de entrevistas orales. La mayoría de los gallineros de ponedoras (93,75 %) se construyeron con materiales no aislantes, y el espacio promedio por gallina ponedora osciló entre 424,28 y 476,00 cm2/gallina. En términos de tamaños de granja, las operaciones de vigilancia de alimentos, excrementos y equipos se asociaron estadísticamente con el tamaño de la granja (P < 0,001) y fueron practicadas por todas las granjas a gran escala con más de 40.000 gallinas ponedoras (100%). Las principales causas de mortalidad fueron las enfermedades infecciosas (79,86 %), seguidas de los accidentes en jaulas (16,67 %) y el canibalismo (3,47 %). Una cuarta parte de las granjas de gallinas ponedoras reportaron brotes de enfermedades, de las cuales las enfermedades virales fueron las más prevalentes (61,12 %). La prevalencia de enfermedades fue más alta en granjas con menos de 12.000 gallinas ponedoras y granjas con 12.000-40.000 gallinas ponedoras (32,43 % y 23,47 %, respectivamente). Este estudio reveló que los gallineros de ponedoras no cumplían con los requisitos estándar de alojamiento y que las prácticas de gestión sanitaria eran deficientes en las granjas pequeñas y medianas (menos de 40.000 gallinas ponedoras), lo que podría comprometer la salud y el rendimiento productivo de las bandadas de gallinas ponedoras. Obtener una mejor comprensión de estos aspectos en un contexto argelino es útil para orientar las invenciones para mejorar los gallineros de ponedoras, la gestión sanitaria y la prevención de enfermedades.
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