Revista
de la
Universidad
del Zulia
Fundada en 1947
por el Dr. Jesús Enrique Lossada
DEPÓSITO LEGAL ZU2020000153
ISSN 0041-8811
E-ISSN 2665-0428
Ciencias del
Agro,
Ingeniería
y Tecnología
Año 15 N° 42
Enero - Abril 2024
Tercera Época
Maracaibo-Venezuela
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129
Negative Factors Influencing the Policy of Public Administration Development of the
AgricultureintheRegion:TheExampleofPoland
Andrii Blyznyuk*
Iryna Kiyanka**
Oleh Ilkiv***
Valeriy Cherkaska****
Leonid Berezynskyi*****
Oleksandr Havrichkov******
ABSTRACT
The main purpose of the article is to determine the level of importance and influence of the main
negative factors influencing the formation of an effective policy for the development of agriculture in
the region. And also, to formulate appropriate recommendations for overcoming or adapting modern
agricultural development policies based on these factors. The set purpose is achieved through the use
of a specific methodology, which includes the method of expert survey and analysis of hierarchies. As a
result, seven key negative factors were identified that have the greatest negative impact on the
formation of an effective policy for the development of agriculture in the Poland region. For a better
understanding of the proposed methodology, we chose a separate region of Poland-Podkarpackie
Voivodeship. Ultimately, the most appropriate recommendations were proposed to improve
agricultural development policies for the region. The study has a limitation because it includes an
analysis of region-specific negative factors. Given this, their level of influence and importance, as well
as the prevailing recommendations, are highly specific to this region. In the future, it is planned to
expand the analysis of factors and the formation of recommendations across the entire EU sector.
KEYWORDS: Agriculture, State, Environmental Changes, State Policy, Food Security, Climatic
changes, Public Administration, Agricultural Innovations.
*Department of Social Philosophy and Management of the State Tax University, Ukraine. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-
0001-8768-5177 E-mail: blyz.lnup@ukr.net
**Department Public Policy and Administration, Institute of Public Administration of Lviv Polytechnic National
University, Lviv, Ukraine. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3100-7796 E-mail: kuyanocka.lnup@ukr.net
*** Faculty Of Law, Academician Stepan Demianchuk International University Of Economics And Humanities, Rivne,
Ukraine. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0659-1855. E-mail: olihor@ukr.net
****Institute of State and Law V.M. Koretsky of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine. ORCID:
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4883-9246 E-mail: cherkasa.valeriy@ukr.net
*****Dnipro Academy of Continuing Education, of Dnipropetrovsk regionai council, Dnipro, Ukraine. ORCID:
https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3387-4601 E-mail: berez.leo@ukr.net
******Department of Public Management and Administration, Dnipro Academy of Continuing Education of
Dnipropetrovsk Regionai Council, Dnipro, Ukraine. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4648-9350
Recibido: 30/08/2023 Aceptado: 25/10/2023
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Factores negativos que influyen en la política de Administración Pública del
desarrollo agrícola en una región: El ejemplo de Polonia
RESUMEN
El objetivo del artículo es determinar el nivel de importancia e influencia de los principales
factores ambientales negativos que influyen en la formación de una política eficaz para el
desarrollo de la agricultura en la región. Y también formular recomendaciones apropiadas para
superar o adaptar las políticas modernas de desarrollo agrícola basadas en estos factores. Este
objetivo se logra mediante el uso de una metodología específica, incluido el método de
encuesta de expertos y análisis de jerarquías. Como resultado, se identificaron siete factores
negativos clave que tienen el mayor impacto negativo en la formación de una política eficaz
para el desarrollo de la agricultura en Polonia. Para comprender mejor la metodología
propuesta, elegimos una región separada de Polonia: el Voivodato de Podkarpackie.
Finalmente, se propusieron las recomendaciones más adecuadas para mejorar la política de
desarrollo agrícola en la región. El estudio tiene una limitación porque incluye un análisis de
factores negativos específicos de la región. Por ello, su nivel de influencia e importancia, así
como las recomendaciones predominantes, son bastante específicas para esta región. En el
futuro, está previsto ampliar el análisis de factores y la formación de recomendaciones en todo
el sector de la UE.
PALABRAS CLAVE: Agricultura, Estado, Cambios Ambientales, Política de Estado, Seguridad
Alimentaria, Cambios Climáticos, Administración Pública, Innovaciones Agrícolas
Introduction
Chernozems are known for their fertility and high agronomic potential. They provide
optimal conditions for the cultivation of a wide range of crops. Effective agricultural policies
in such regions can significantly increase agricultural productivity, promoting economic
growth. This creates conditions for increasing the country’s export potential, strengthening
its position in the international agricultural market. Chernozems are an important natural
resource that requires careful management and conservation. Agricultural policies should
include measures to conserve soils and prevent soil erosion and depletion. Consideration of
environmental aspects is key to ensuring sustainable development of the agricultural sector.
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Agricultural policy in regions with black soils also has great social significance. It has an
impact on the lives of local communities, creates jobs and improves the standard of living of
the rural population. In addition, taking into account the interests of small and medium-sized
farmers helps preserve rural communities and prevent the outflow of population to cities.
Agricultural policy aims to address the needs of the local agricultural sector, while at the
same time taking into account global trends and challenges. This includes developing policies
that stimulate agricultural development, increase productivity and competitiveness, and
ensure sustainability and environmental sustainability. An important aspect is to take into
account negative external influences, such as climate change, economic crises, global market
fluctuations, political instability and epidemiological threats. These factors can have a
significant impact on agricultural regions, disrupting business as usual and requiring rapid
and flexible responses. In response to these challenges, modern agricultural policy is focused
on strengthening the resilience of the agricultural sector to external shocks. This means
implementing sustainable farming practices, supporting innovation and using cutting-edge
agricultural technologies. Agricultural research and development play an important role in
helping to adapt to climate change and other environmental challenges. In addition, effective
agricultural policies require the creation of strong institutional frameworks, property rights,
access to resources and financing. This also includes infrastructure development, training and
support for farmers, especially in conditions where external negative factors may pose a threat
to their activities.
In response to these challenges, modern agricultural policy is focused on strengthening
the resilience of the agricultural sector to external shocks. This means implementing
sustainable farming practices, supporting innovation and using cutting-edge agricultural
technologies. Agricultural research and development play an important role in helping to
adapt to climate change and other environmental challenges. In addition, effective agricultural
policies require the creation of strong institutional frameworks, property rights, access to
resources and financing. This also includes infrastructure development, training and support
for farmers, especially in conditions where external negative factors may pose a threat to their
activities.
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In general, modern agricultural policy is designed to harmonize the needs of local
agricultural communities with global challenges, creating conditions for sustainable and
resilient development of the agricultural sector.
Public administration plays a key role in the formation and implementation of agricultural
policy. Thanks to legislative, financial and regulatory instruments, the state can promote
innovation in agriculture, support scientific research and development of new technologies. It
is also important to create conditions for effective market circulation of products,
guaranteeing property rights and regulating land relations. Public administration must also
strike a balance between commercial interests and the needs of society, taking into account
the environmental and social aspects of agricultural policy. This includes protecting the
interests of small and medium-sized producers, supporting environmentally sustainable
practices and ensuring food security for the population.
Overall, the development and implementation of effective agricultural policies in regions
with high black soil soil is important not only from the point of view of economic
development and food security, but also from the point of view of natural resource
conservation, social well-being and environmental sustainability.
Thus, the main purpose of the article is to determine the level of importance and influence
of the main negative factors influencing the formation of an effective policy for the
development of agriculture in the region. And also to formulate appropriate recommendations
for overcoming or adapting modern agricultural development policies based on these factors.
The structure of the article consists of the following elements: an introduction, including a
structural overview of the selected topic, a review of scientific sources on the topic, a
description of the research methodology, a presentation of the main results of the study, a
discussion of the results and conclusions.
1. Literature review
Examining modern scientific research on the formation of agricultural development
policy, a number of key elements can be noted. So, most of them play a key role in ensuring the
effectiveness of public administration in the agricultural sector, especially during periods of
significant social transformations. They cover a wide range of aspects from organic farming
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and sustainable use of resources to financial mechanisms and legal aspects in the agricultural
sector. These studies not only contribute to understanding the impact of global economic and
environmental changes on agriculture, but also provide important guidance for the
development of effective, adaptive and sustainable policies that can support food security,
economic growth and social demands in a regional context.
For example, the study by Ahmed, Thompson, Turchini (2020) and Guiné, Florença,
Barroca, Anjos (2020) focuses on the adoption of organic farming, which provides insights
into sustainable agricultural practices that are important for formulating policies that balance
environmental sustainability and agricultural productivity. In the context of our study, this
may contribute to the understanding of modern aspects related to organic farming and its role
in the development of the regional agricultural sector.
At the same time, Bellemare, Barrett, Just (2013) and Nikmatul, Ratya, Nuhfil, Wahib
(2020) note the importance of identifying key factors influencing the development and
ensuring the effectiveness of public administration in the issue of agricultural development. In
particular, these studies deal with the financial aspect of the development of the agricultural
sector, which today is an important condition for the survival of any agricultural enterprise.
The issue of studying modern aspects of the regional agricultural development policy as a
factor in ensuring the effectiveness of public administration during the period of
transformation of society is also actively studied in the works of De Bon, Parrot, Moustier,
(2010) and Linderhof, Janssen, Achterbosch (2019). These authors review and analyze current
practices and strategies that can be used to develop regional agricultural policies. These
studies are relevant in the context of obtaining information about the integration of
agricultural practices into urban settings, which is important for regions experiencing social
transformations.
It is interesting in the context of our research to examine the issue of environmental
aspects of the modern agricultural development policy as a factor in the effectiveness of public
administration in the period of societal transformation. Thus, the authors like Liučvaitienė
(2007) and Smith et al. (2019) studied this issue in the context of organic farming. They
determined that an effective environmental policy and appropriate state management will
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make it possible to maintain an optimal balance between environmental sustainability and
agricultural productivity — two key aspects in the formation of effective agrarian policy
during social transformations.
A key element of a modern system of public management of the agricultural sector is
ensuring long-term security. This topic is actively discussed in the work of Willer, Lernoud,
Huber, Sahota (2019) and Espolov et al. (2023). The authors in these studies note that food
security is a fundamental issue affecting the stability, health and economic well-being of a
nation. In times of change and instability that accompany societal transformation, ensuring
sustainable access to quality and sufficient food resources becomes even more critical.
Agricultural development policies that integrate food security principles help reduce the risk
of hunger, improve domestic nutrition, stabilize markets and reduce vulnerability to economic
or climate shocks. Taking these aspects into account in public administration not only
improves the quality of life of citizens, but also contributes to social justice, economic growth
and sustainable development, which is especially important during periods of transition and
reform.
Thus, the topic of forming a policy for the development of agriculture in the region as a
factor in ensuring the effectiveness of public administration during the period of
transformation of society is today a relevant topic of modern research. But despite this, today
most studies are of a general descriptive nature and do not provide specific data on the
influence of one or another factor on the development of agricultural development policy in
the region.
In connection with this research question of our work, we will determine the influence
of the main negative environmental factors influencing the formation of an effective policy for
the development of agriculture in the region and form appropriate recommendations.
2. Materials and Methods
The research methodology involves the use of an expert analysis method to determine
the main negative environmental factors influencing the formation of an effective policy for the
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development of agriculture in the region. The hierarchy analysis method was used to order
these factors at the level of significance of influence.
The expert analysis method involves the involvement of qualified specialists with deep
knowledge and experience in the field of agricultural policy and farming. Within this method,
experts evaluate various aspects of the external environment that can negatively affect
agriculture, for example, climate change, economic conditions, stability, technological
innovation, etc. Experts can conduct assessments through interviews, questionnaires, or
discussion panels where they share their thoughts and findings.
The hierarchy analysis method is used to systematize the factors identified by experts
according to the degree of their importance and influence. This method allows you to
objectively order factors, establishing a hierarchy from the most significant to the least
important. The process includes the construction of a hierarchical structure, where at the top
level there is the final goal of the study (for example, the formation of effective agricultural
policy), and at subsequent levels there are factors influencing this goal. Experts rate the
importance of each factor relative to others, allowing them to determine which aspects
deserve special attention in policy development.
3. Research Results
The process of formulating agricultural development policy in regions with high levels
of black soil is complex and multifaceted, taking into account economic, environmental and
social aspects. These policies are implemented at different levels of government, including
state bodies, local authorities, the private sector and public organizations. The objectives of
agricultural development policy are to create conditions for the efficient and sustainable use
of agricultural resources, support innovation and technological development in the
agricultural sector, as well as protect the interests of small and medium-sized farms. This
includes developing legal and financial mechanisms to support agricultural activities, as well
as ensuring access to markets and resources.
The impact of the policy on agriculture is to increase productivity and efficiency of
agricultural production, ensure sustainable use of land resources and prevent land
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degradation. Effective policies also contribute to the development of the agricultural sector
as a whole, increasing its competitiveness in domestic and international markets.
The level of food security largely depends on the quality of agricultural policy. Ensuring
access to high-quality and affordable food for the population is one of the key tasks. This
includes not only increasing production volumes, but also ensuring the safety and quality of
agricultural products. Challenges in policymaking may include lack of funding, difficulties in
regulating land relations, limitations in access to new technologies and necessary resources.
Other important challenges are environmental protection, biodiversity conservation and
adaptation to climate change.
The influence of agriculture on transformation processes in society is significant.
Agriculture contributes to regional economic development, job creation, preservation of
cultural traditions and contributes to social stability. It also plays a key role in rural
development, improving the living standards of farmers and promoting rural-urban
integration. Agricultural policies that effectively respond to environmental challenges can
significantly contribute to sustainable development, adaptation to climate change and
reduction of environmental impact. In general, agricultural development policy should be
comprehensive, take into account the needs of different population groups and be aimed at
achieving long-term goals of sustainable development.
The impact on agriculture is to optimize production processes, increase productivity
and resource efficiency. Due to the high fertility of chernozems, policy must ensure the
rational use of land, preventing its degradation and reducing the impact on the environment.
This may include support for organic farming, environmental practices, water conservation
and other sustainable practices.
The development of agricultural products should be aimed at improving the quality
and competitiveness of products in the domestic and international markets. This includes
the implementation of quality standards, product certification, development of processing
plants and support for marketing and exports. Particular attention should be paid to the
diversification of agricultural products, which will help reduce risks associated with market
fluctuations and climate change.
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We will carry out modeling and determine the most significant factors of negative
influence on the formation of an effective policy for the development of agriculture in the
region. As an example, we will select a separate region in Poland – Podkarpackie
Voivodeship. Let us highlight the main negative factors influencing the formation of an
effective agricultural development policy in the region:
R1. Climate Change: Climate change, such as an increase in the frequency and intensity
of droughts, rainfall, or extreme temperatures, negatively impacts agricultural conditions,
reducing yields and crop quality.
R2. Social challenges Labor migration from rural areas, an aging population and
insufficient support for young farmers are also factors limiting agricultural development.
R3. Limited water resources: The water crisis caused by overuse of water resources,
pollution and climate change seriously threatens the stability of agricultural products,
especially in regions with limited access to clean water.
R4. Political instability and imperfect legislation Political instability and insufficiently
developed legislative framework can create obstacles to the implementation of effective
agricultural policies, especially in the context of land relations and investments.
R5. Soil degradation: Intensive farming, excessive use of chemical fertilizers and
pesticides can lead to decreased soil fertility, erosion and pollution.
R6. Economic Constraints: Insufficient funding for the agricultural sector, high
production costs and unstable market prices can make innovation and technological
improvements difficult.
R7. Technological limitations: Insufficient access to modern technology, innovation
and research can hinder progress in the agricultural sector and reduce its competitiveness.
Next, we build a graph of connections between the set list of negative factors that make
up the following set: R=
R1,R2,R3,R4,R5,R6,R7
(Fig. 1).
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R1
R2
R3
R4
R5
R6
R7
Figure 1. Graph of possible connections between the determined factors of influence on the
formation of agricultural development policy in the region
Formed by authors
Further, taking into account the data in Fig. 1, we can build two key matrices: the reach
and dependencies between factors that negatively influence the formation of agricultural
development policy in the region. In this case, the dependence matrix must satisfy condition
(1):
R
md
=1 if connects is real; 0 its no connections (1)
For the reach matrix, a certain condition must also be met, (2):
R
mr
=1 If you can get from one variable to another; 0 if not (2)
Next, we build certain matrices for our list of factors factors that negatively influence
the formation of agricultural development policy in the region in the amount of 7 by 7 (Table
1).
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Table 1. The matrices for our list of factors factors that negatively influence the formation of
agricultural development policy in the region
Dependencies
R1
R2
R3
R4
R5
R6
R7
R1
=0
=0
=0
=0
=1
=0
=0
R2
=1
=0
=1
=1
=1
=0
=1
R3
=1
=0
=0
=0
=0
=0
=0
R4
=0
=0
=0
=0
=0
=0
=0
R5
=0
=0
=0
=0
=0
=0
=0
R6
=1
=0
=0
=0
=1
=0
=1
R7
=1
=0
=0
=0
=0
=0
=0
Reach matrix
R1
R2
R3
R4
R5
R6
R7
R1
=1
=0
=0
=0
=1
=0
=0
R2
=1
=1
=1
=1
=1
=0
=1
R3
=1
=0
=1
=0
=0
=0
=0
R4
=0
=0
=0
=1
=0
=0
=0
R5
=0
=0
=0
=0
=1
=0
=0
R6
=1
=0
=0
=0
=1
=1
=1
R7
=1
=0
=0
=0
=0
=0
=1
Formed by authors
Further, a factor that can be reached from another factor through Fig. 1 is one that has a
path leading from one to another. Then such factor is achievable. Let's denote it as S(R). If a
factor becomes the predecessor of another factor, that is P(R). Their cross section forms
C(R):
C(R)=P(R)S(R) (3)
If equality (3) is satisfied, then we determine the lowest level of significance of the
factor’s influence. This continues until we get a high level of impact. Skipping intermediate
calculations, we will immediately present the model (Fig. 2).
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R2
R1
Low
Level
Average
level
High level
R5
R4
R7
R3
R6
Figure 2. Determination of the level of significance of factors influencing the formation of
agricultural development policy in the region
Formed by authors
Thus, priority should be given to factors R1 and R5. To minimize the negative impact of
climate change and soil degradation, the state policy strategy in the field of agriculture
should be multidimensional and integrated, including various aspects of agricultural activity
and natural resource management.
Adaptation to climate change involves adopting sustainable agricultural practices that
can withstand extreme weather conditions. For example, the development of drought-
resistant plant varieties, the use of drip irrigation systems for efficient use of water resources,
and the use of conservation farming methods that reduce dependence on weather conditions
and increase crop yields.
Combating soil degradation requires a comprehensive approach that includes reducing
the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, introducing organic farming methods, and
using technologies to monitor and manage soil conditions. Effective land management, such
as crop rotation and the use of natural fertilizers, can help restore soil fertility and reduce
erosion.
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In addition to technical aspects, legislative regulation and financial support are also
important. The government must develop and implement laws that promote sustainable use
of land resources and limit overuse of soils. Financial support can be used to encourage
farmers to adopt established practices such as organic farming, as well as research and
development in agri-tech. An effective strategy must also include an education and training
component for farmers. This means conducting trainings, seminars and educational
programs that provide knowledge about sustainable agricultural practices, climate change
adaptation and soil conservation techniques. Involving the public and local communities is
also important to ensure the success of the policy. This involves taking into account the
interests of various groups of the population, including small and medium-sized farmers, as
well as developing partnerships between the government, the private sector and public
organizations.
4. Discussions
In order to emphasize the relevance and relevance of our research, we compare the
obtained research results with those already existing in this topic.
Thus, a number of authors (Swinnen, Gow,1999; Pingali, 2001; Artemenko, 2022) in their
works examine only certain groups of negative factors related to the formation of agricultural
development policy as a factor in the effectiveness of public administration during the period
of transformation of society. In the above-mentioned studies, the focus is primarily on the
financial component of the agricultural sector and, accordingly, the threats in this area. While
our research covers all areas of activity of the modern agricultural sector and, accordingly, its
public administration.
Other authors (Guttormsen, Roll, 2014) who include several influencing factors in their
research, often limit their list to the external or internal sphere of activity of the agricultural
sector. And despite the fact that these studies are complete and informative, failure to take
into account a significant group of factors may cast doubt on the validity of the results. The
system of factors in our study contains both internal and external negative impact factors.
Research on both external and internal factors influencing the formation of policy for the
development of the agricultural sector is extremely relevant in the modern world. Analysis of
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these factors is important for developing effective strategies for the development of the
agricultural sector. Taking into account external and internal factors makes it possible to
create comprehensive policies aimed at supporting the agricultural sector in the face of global
and local challenges, ensuring food security, stability and sustainable development. This is
especially important in an environment of rapid global change, where policy adaptability and
flexibility become key to effectively responding to new challenges and opportunities.
Another group of authors (Lotter, Seidel, Liebhardt, 2003; De Almeida et al.,2010; Viana
et al, 2022) who tried to cover various factors of influence on the formation of policy for the
development of the agricultural sector, considered them from the point of view of equivalence
of influence. In our opinion, this method is primarily erroneous, since determining the level of
influence of negative factors on the system of formation and implementation of agricultural
development policy is an important factor in effective public administration, especially in the
context of the transformation of society. This allows governments to integrate strategic
planning and forecasting to address the various challenges facing crop systems. This approach
contributes to the development of more flexible, adaptive and sustainable agricultural
management policies that ensure food security, sustainable agricultural development and
economic stability, and helps to avoid or reduce potential negative impacts on societies
undergoing significant transformation.
Conclusions
An effective agricultural development policy in the region can have a significant
positive impact on society, the population, the government system and the land, especially if it
adequately responds to the negative influences of the external environment.
For communities and populations, effective agricultural policies can ensure food
stability by reducing dependence on imports and providing access to quality, healthy foods.
This contributes to improving the overall health and well-being of the population. In addition,
agricultural development can stimulate job creation and economic development in rural areas,
thereby reducing migration to cities and supporting local communities. For the public
administration system, successful agricultural policy means efficient use of resources,
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increasing the economy's resilience to external shocks, in particular to fluctuations in global
markets, and reducing social burdens due to improved living standards in rural areas.
In terms of impact on land, effective agricultural policies promote sustainable use of
land resources, prevent soil degradation and promote biodiversity conservation. This is
achieved through the adoption of environmentally sustainable cultivation methods, reducing
the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides and integrating modern technologies that ensure
more efficient use of natural resources. Of particular importance is the ability to respond to
external challenges, such as climate change, economic crises or technological innovation.
Effective agricultural policies must provide mechanisms for adaptation to these conditions,
ensuring flexibility and sustainability of the agricultural sector. This may include developing
sustainable agricultural practices, investing in research and development, and preparing
farmers to effectively adapt to change. Overall, effective agricultural development policies can
have a profound and positive impact on society, the economy and the environment, creating
the conditions for sustainable development and improved quality of life.
As a result of using expert survey methods and hierarchical ordering, seven key negative
factors were identified that have the greatest negative impact on the formation of an effective
policy for the development of agriculture in the region. For a better understanding of the
proposed methodology, we chose a separate region of Poland - Podkarpackie Voivodeship.
Ultimately, the most appropriate recommendations were proposed to improve agricultural
development policies for the region. The study has a limitation because it includes an analysis
of region-specific negative factors. Given this, their level of influence and importance, as well
as the prevailing recommendations, are highly specific to this region. In the future, it is
planned to expand the analysis of factors and the formation of recommendations across the
entire EU sector.
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