Epidemiología del virus del papiloma humano.
Epidemiology of human papillomavirus.
Palabras clave:
virus del papiloma humano, taxonomía, nomenclatura, epidemiología, cáncer de cuello uterino, cáncer de vulva, cáncer de vagina
Resumen
La presente revisión narrativa fue realizada con el objeto de investigar y recopilar la información más reciente y relevante sobre la epidemiología del Virus del Papiloma Humano y su relación con las patologías asociadas a él, en especial la patología maligna del área genital femenina. La revisión de la literatura fue realizada electrónicamente en PubMed, Medline, ISI, DOAJ, Springer, Embase. Web of Knowledge, DOAJ, y Google Scholar para los artículos escritos en el idioma inglés. Los portales Scielo, Latindex, Imbio-med-L, Redalyc y Google Scholar fueron revisados en búsqueda de artículos escritos en el idioma español. La búsqueda incluyó las palabras claves: epidemiología del virus del papiloma humano, taxonomía viral, estructura del virus del papiloma humano, clasificación del virus del papiloma, nomenclatura del virus del papiloma humano, patologías asociadas al virus del papiloma humano, virus papiloma humano y cáncer del cuello uterino, virus del papiloma humano y cáncer de vulva, y virus del papiloma humano y cáncer de vagina. Se buscaron, revisaron y analizaron las publicaciones desde enero de 1987 hasta agosto de 2021. Esta revisión narrativa investigó la epidemiología del virus del papiloma humano y sus patologías asociadas, en especial las malignas del área genital femenina.
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Willemsen, Bravo IG. 2019. Origin and evolution of papillomavirus (onco) genes and genomes Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 374:20180303. Http://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2018.0303.
Cubie HA. Diseases associated with human papillomavirus infection. Virology. 2013; 445(1-2):21-34. doi: 10.1016/j.virol. 2013.06.007.
Etimología de papiloma. Diccionario Etimológico. Disponible en: http://etimologias.dechile.net/?papiloma#:~:text=La%20pa- labra%20papiloma%20viene%20del,en%20 este%20caso%20con%20el. Revisado el 11/ 06/2021.
Van Doorslaer K, Chen Z, Bernard HU, Chan PKS, DeSalle R, Dillner J, Forslund O, Haga T, McBride AA, Villa LL, Burk RD, Ictv Report Consortium. ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Papillomaviridae. J Gen Virol. 2018;99(8):989-990. doi: 10.1099/ jgv.0.001105.
Van Doorslaer K, Bernard HU, Chen Z, de Villiers EM, zur Hausen H, Burk RD. Papillomaviruses: evolution, Linnaean taxonomy and current nomenclature. Trends Microbiol. 2011;19(2):49-50; author reply 50-1. doi: 10.1016/j.tim.2010.11.004.
Belnap DM, Olson NH, Cladel NM, Newcomb WW, Brown JC, Kreider JW, Christensen ND, Baker TS. Conserved features in papillomavirus and polyomavirus capsids. J Mol Biol. 1996;259(2):249-263. doi: 10.1006/jmbi.1996.0317.
Finnen RL, Erickson KD, Chen XS, Garcea RL. Interactions between papillomavirus L1 and L2 capsid proteins. J Virol. 2003;77(8):4818-4826. doi: 10.1128/ jvi.77.8.4818-4826.2003.
Chen XS, Garcea RL, Goldberg I, Casini G, Harrison SC. Structure of small viruslike particles assembled from the L1 protein of human papillomavirus 16. Mol Cell. 2000;5(3):557-567
Baker TS, Newcomb WW, Olson NH, Cowsert LM, Olson C, Brown JC. Structures of bovine and human papillomaviruses. Analysis by cryoelectron microscopy and three-dimensional image reconstruction. Biophys J. 1991;60(6):1445-1456. doi: 10.1016/ S0006-3495(91)82181-6.
Trus BL, Roden RB, Greenstone HL, Vrhel M, Schiller JT, Booy FP. Novel structural features of bovine papillomavirus capsid revealed by a three-dimensional reconstruction to 9 A resolution. Nat Struct Biol. 1997;4(5):413-420. doi: 10.1038/nsb0597-413.
Doorbar J, Gallimore PH. Identification of proteins encoded by the L1 and L2 open reading frames of human papillomavirus 1a. J Virol. 1987;61(9):2793-2799. doi: 10.1128/JVI.61.9.2793-2799.1987.
Santos-López G, Márquez-Domínguez L, Reyes-Leyva J, Vallejo-Ruiz V. Aspectos generales de la estructura, la clasificación y la replicación del virus del papiloma humano. Revista Médica del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social. 2015;53(2): S166-S171. Revisado en Junio 11, 2021]. ISSN: 0443- 5117. Disponible en: https://www.redalyc. org/articulo.oa?id=457744942008.
Hiller T, Iftner T. The human papillomavirus. In: Prendiville W, Davies P, editors. HPV Handbook.London, U.K.: Taylor & Francis Group; 2004. p. 11-26. Disponible en: https://www.zervita.de/gfx_content/Doku- mente/HPVHandbook1-1.pdf
Larsen PM, Storgaard L, Fey SJ. Proteins present in bovine papillomavirus particles. J Virol. 1987;61(11):35963-3601. doi: 10.1128/JVI.61.11.3596-3601.1987.
Burk RD, Chen Z, Van Doorslaer K. Human papillomaviruses: genetic basis of carcinogenicity. Public Health Genomics. 2009;12(5- 6):281-290. doi: 10.1159/000214919.
Conway MJ, Meyers C. Replication and assembly of human papillomaviruses. J Dent Res. 2009;88(4):307-317. doi: 10. 1177/0022034509333446.
Doorbar J, Quint W, Banks L, Bravo IG, Stoler M, Broker TR, Stanley MA. The biology and life-cycle of human papillomaviruses. Vaccine. 2012; 30 Suppl 5: F55-70. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.06.083
Senba M, Mori N. Mechanisms of virus immune evasion lead to development from chronic inflammation to cancer formation associated with human papillomavirus infection. Oncol Rev. 2012; 6(2):e17. doi: 10.4081/oncol.2012.e17
Picconi MA, Alonio LV, García Carrancá A, Lizano M, Cervantes Vázquez G, Distefano AL, Mural J, Bazan G, Teyssie AR. Variantes moleculares de virus papiloma humano (HPV) tipos 16 y 18 en adenocarcinomas de cérvix [Molecular variants of human papillomavirus (HPV) types 16 and 18 in adenocarcinomas of the cervix]. Medicina (B Aires). 2000;60(6):889-894.
De Villiers EM. Cross-roads in the classification of papillomaviruses. Virology. 2013;445(1-2):2-10. doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.04.023.
Bernard HU, Burk RD, Chen Z, van Doorslaer K, zur Hausen H, de Villiers EM. Classification of papillomaviruses (PVs) based on 189 PV types and proposal of taxonomic amendments. Virology. 2010;401(1):70-79. doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.02.002.
Ochoa-Carrillo FJ. Virus del papiloma humano. Desde su descubrimiento hasta el desarrollo de una vacuna. Parte I/III. GAMO 2014;13: 308-315. Disponible en: https://www.elsevier.es/es-revista-gaceta-mexicana-oncologia- 305-articulo-virus-del-papiloma-humano- desde-X1665920114805966
Taxonomy. ICTV. Disponible en: https:// talk.ictvonline.org/taxonomy/. Revisado en Junio 12, 2021.
Papillomaviridae. Virus taxonomy. 2020 Release. ICTV 9th Report. Available at: https://talk.ictvonline.org/ictv-reports/ ictv_9th_report/dsdna-viruses2011/w/dsd- na_viruses/121/papillomaviridae. Revisado en: Junio 12, 2021.
Human Reference clones. International Human Papillomavirus Reference Center. Swedish National HPV Reference Laboratory. Karolinska Institutet. Available at https://www.hpvcenter.se/human_referen- ce_clones/. Revisado en Junio 12, 2021.
Bruni L. The frequency of HPV infection worldwide. No 35. HPV World. Internet. Consultado el 12/07/2021. Disponible en: https://www.hpvworld.com/de Sanjosé S, Diaz M, Castellsagué X, Clifford G, Bruni L, Muñoz N, Bosch FX. Worldwide prevalence and genotype distribution of cervical human papillomavirus DNA in women with normal cytology: a meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2007;7(7):453-459. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(07)70158-5.
Chesson HW, Dunne EF, Hariri S, Markowitz LE. The estimated lifetime probability of acquiring human papillomavirus in the United States. Sex Transm Dis. 2014;41(11):660-664. doi: 10.1097/ OLQ.0000000000000193.
Rodríguez AC, Schiffman M, Herrero R, Wacholder S, Hildesheim A, Castle PE, Solomon D, Burk R; Proyecto Epidemiológico Guanacaste Group. Rapid clearance of human papillomavirus and implications for clinical focus on persistent infections. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2008;100(7):513-517. doi: 10.1093/jnci/djn044.
Winer RL, Hughes JP, Feng Q, Xi LF, Cherne S, O’Reilly S, Kiviat NB, Koutsky LA. Early natural history of incident, type-specific human papillomavirus infections in newly sexually active young women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2011;20(4):699-707. doi: 10.1158/1055-
9965.EPI-10-1108.
Bruni L, Diaz M, Castellsagué X, Ferrer E, Bosch FX, de Sanjosé S. Cervical human papillomavirus prevalence in 5 continents: meta-analysis of 1 million women with normal cytological findings. J Infect Dis. 2010;202(12):1789-1799. doi: 10.1086/657321.
Núñez-Troconis J, Delgado M, González J, Velásquez J, Mindiola R, Whitby D, Munroe D. Human papillomavirus false positive cytological diagnosis in low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion. Invest. Clín. 2009; 50(4):447-454. Disponible en: http://ve.scielo.org/scielo.php?script=sci_ arttext&pid=S053551332009000400004&lng=es.
Toro de Méndez M, López de Sánchez M. Infección por virus papiloma humano en pacientes con citología de cuello uterino negativa. Rev Obstet Ginecol Ven 2017; 77(1):11-20. Disponible en: http://ve.scielo.org/ scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S00487 7322017000100003&lng=es.
Mayo TT, Imtiaz R, Doan HQ, Sambrano BL, Gordon R, Ramirez-Fort MK, Tyring SK. Human Papillomavirus: Epidemiology and Clinical Features of Related Cancer. En: Hudnall SD (ed.). Viruses and Human Cancer. New York: Springer Science+Business Media; 2014. p. 199–228. doi: https://doi. org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0870-7_9
Benuto ARE, Berumen CJ. Virus oncógenos: el paradigma del virus del papiloma humano. Dermatol Rev Mex 2009;53(5):234-242. Disponible en: https://www.medi graphic.com/cgi-bin/new/resumen.cgi? IDARTICULO=27435
Bruni L, Albero G, Serrano B, Mena M, Gómez D, Muñoz J, Bosch FX, de Sanjosé S. ICO/IARC information centre on HPV and cancer (HPV Information Centre). Human Papillomavirus and Related Diseases in the World. Summary Report 17 June 2019 (updated 2019-07-27 08:33:24). Revisado en Junio 15, 2021.
McQuillan G, Kruszon-Moran D, Markowitz LE, Unger ER, Paulose-Ram R. Prevalence of HPV in Adults Aged 18- 69: United States, 2011-2014. NCHS Data Brief. 2017 Apr;(280):1-8.
Núñez-Troconis J, Delgado M, González J, Mindiola R, Velásquez J, Conde B, Whitby D, Munroe DJ. Prevalence and risk factors of human papillomavirus infection in asymptomatic women in a Venezuelan urban area. Invest Clin. 2009;50(2):203-212.
Kombe Kombe AJ, Li B, Zahid A, Mengist HM, Bounda GA, Zhou Y, Jin T. Epidemiology and Burden of Human Papillomavirus and Related Diseases, Molecular Pathogenesis, and Vaccine Evaluation. Front Public Health. 2021; 8:552028. doi: 10.3389/ fpubh.2020.552028.
Veldhuijzen NJ, Snijders PJ, Reiss P, Meijer CJ, van de Wijgert JH. Factors affecting transmission of mucosal human papillomavirus. Lancet Infect Dis. 2010;10(12):862- 874. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(10)70190-0. Erratum in: Lancet Infect Dis. 2015; 15(10):1130.
Stanley M. HPV - immune response to infection and vaccination. Infect Agent Cancer. 2010; 5:19. doi: 10.1186/1750-9378-5-19.
World Health Organization. Cancers attributable to infections. International Agency for Research on Cancer. Revisado en Agosto 6, 2021. Disponible en: https://gco.iarc.fr/causes/infections/toolspie?mode=2&sex=2&population=who&contin ent=0&countr y=0&population_group= 1&can cer=0&key=att r_cases&lock_ scale=0&pie_mode=1&nb_results=5
Senkomago V, Henley SJ, Thomas CC, Mix JM, Markowitz LE, Saraiya M. Human Papillomavirus-Attributable Cancers - United States, 2012-2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2019;68(33):724-728. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6833a3.
United States Cancer Statistics. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Cancers Associated with Human Papillomavirus, United States—2013–2017. U.S. Cancer Statistics Data Briefs, No. 18. September 2020. Revisado en Agosto 9, 2021. Disponible en: https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/uscs/ about/data-briefs/no18-hpv-assoc-cancers- UnitedStates-2013-2017.htm
De Martel C, Ferlay J, Franceschi S, Vignat J, Bray F, Forman D, Plummer M. Global burden of cancers attributable to infections in 2008: a review and synthetic analysis. Lancet Oncol. 2012;13(6):607-615. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(12)70137-7.
World Health Organization. International Agency for Research on Cancer. Vulva. Cancer Today, Source: Globocan 2020. Revisado en: Agosto 9, 2021. Disponible en: https://gco.iarc.fr/today/data/factsheets/ cancers/21-Vulva-fact-sheet.pdf
De Vuyst H, Clifford GM, Nascimento MC, Madeleine MM, Franceschi S. Prevalence and type distribution of human papillomavirus in carcinoma and intraepithelial neoplasia of the vulva, vagina and anus: a meta-analysis. Int J Cancer. 2009;124(7):1626-1636. doi: 10.1002/ijc. 24116.
World Health Organization. International Agency for Research on Cancer. Vagina. Cancer Today, Source: Globocan 2020. Revisado en: Agosto 10, 2021. Disponible en: https://gco.iarc.fr/today/data/factsheets/ cancers/22Vagina-fact-sheet.pdf
World Health Organization. International Agency for Research on Cancer. Cuello uterino Cancer Today, Source: Globocan 2020. Revisado en: Agosto 10, 2021. Disponible en: https://gco.iarc.fr/today/data/ factsheets/cancers/23-Cervix-uteri-fact- sheet.pdf
Cubie HA. Diseases associated with human papillomavirus infection. Virology. 2013; 445(1-2):21-34. doi: 10.1016/j.virol. 2013.06.007.
Etimología de papiloma. Diccionario Etimológico. Disponible en: http://etimologias.dechile.net/?papiloma#:~:text=La%20pa- labra%20papiloma%20viene%20del,en%20 este%20caso%20con%20el. Revisado el 11/ 06/2021.
Van Doorslaer K, Chen Z, Bernard HU, Chan PKS, DeSalle R, Dillner J, Forslund O, Haga T, McBride AA, Villa LL, Burk RD, Ictv Report Consortium. ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Papillomaviridae. J Gen Virol. 2018;99(8):989-990. doi: 10.1099/ jgv.0.001105.
Van Doorslaer K, Bernard HU, Chen Z, de Villiers EM, zur Hausen H, Burk RD. Papillomaviruses: evolution, Linnaean taxonomy and current nomenclature. Trends Microbiol. 2011;19(2):49-50; author reply 50-1. doi: 10.1016/j.tim.2010.11.004.
Belnap DM, Olson NH, Cladel NM, Newcomb WW, Brown JC, Kreider JW, Christensen ND, Baker TS. Conserved features in papillomavirus and polyomavirus capsids. J Mol Biol. 1996;259(2):249-263. doi: 10.1006/jmbi.1996.0317.
Finnen RL, Erickson KD, Chen XS, Garcea RL. Interactions between papillomavirus L1 and L2 capsid proteins. J Virol. 2003;77(8):4818-4826. doi: 10.1128/ jvi.77.8.4818-4826.2003.
Chen XS, Garcea RL, Goldberg I, Casini G, Harrison SC. Structure of small viruslike particles assembled from the L1 protein of human papillomavirus 16. Mol Cell. 2000;5(3):557-567
Baker TS, Newcomb WW, Olson NH, Cowsert LM, Olson C, Brown JC. Structures of bovine and human papillomaviruses. Analysis by cryoelectron microscopy and three-dimensional image reconstruction. Biophys J. 1991;60(6):1445-1456. doi: 10.1016/ S0006-3495(91)82181-6.
Trus BL, Roden RB, Greenstone HL, Vrhel M, Schiller JT, Booy FP. Novel structural features of bovine papillomavirus capsid revealed by a three-dimensional reconstruction to 9 A resolution. Nat Struct Biol. 1997;4(5):413-420. doi: 10.1038/nsb0597-413.
Doorbar J, Gallimore PH. Identification of proteins encoded by the L1 and L2 open reading frames of human papillomavirus 1a. J Virol. 1987;61(9):2793-2799. doi: 10.1128/JVI.61.9.2793-2799.1987.
Santos-López G, Márquez-Domínguez L, Reyes-Leyva J, Vallejo-Ruiz V. Aspectos generales de la estructura, la clasificación y la replicación del virus del papiloma humano. Revista Médica del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social. 2015;53(2): S166-S171. Revisado en Junio 11, 2021]. ISSN: 0443- 5117. Disponible en: https://www.redalyc. org/articulo.oa?id=457744942008.
Hiller T, Iftner T. The human papillomavirus. In: Prendiville W, Davies P, editors. HPV Handbook.London, U.K.: Taylor & Francis Group; 2004. p. 11-26. Disponible en: https://www.zervita.de/gfx_content/Doku- mente/HPVHandbook1-1.pdf
Larsen PM, Storgaard L, Fey SJ. Proteins present in bovine papillomavirus particles. J Virol. 1987;61(11):35963-3601. doi: 10.1128/JVI.61.11.3596-3601.1987.
Burk RD, Chen Z, Van Doorslaer K. Human papillomaviruses: genetic basis of carcinogenicity. Public Health Genomics. 2009;12(5- 6):281-290. doi: 10.1159/000214919.
Conway MJ, Meyers C. Replication and assembly of human papillomaviruses. J Dent Res. 2009;88(4):307-317. doi: 10. 1177/0022034509333446.
Doorbar J, Quint W, Banks L, Bravo IG, Stoler M, Broker TR, Stanley MA. The biology and life-cycle of human papillomaviruses. Vaccine. 2012; 30 Suppl 5: F55-70. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.06.083
Senba M, Mori N. Mechanisms of virus immune evasion lead to development from chronic inflammation to cancer formation associated with human papillomavirus infection. Oncol Rev. 2012; 6(2):e17. doi: 10.4081/oncol.2012.e17
Picconi MA, Alonio LV, García Carrancá A, Lizano M, Cervantes Vázquez G, Distefano AL, Mural J, Bazan G, Teyssie AR. Variantes moleculares de virus papiloma humano (HPV) tipos 16 y 18 en adenocarcinomas de cérvix [Molecular variants of human papillomavirus (HPV) types 16 and 18 in adenocarcinomas of the cervix]. Medicina (B Aires). 2000;60(6):889-894.
De Villiers EM. Cross-roads in the classification of papillomaviruses. Virology. 2013;445(1-2):2-10. doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.04.023.
Bernard HU, Burk RD, Chen Z, van Doorslaer K, zur Hausen H, de Villiers EM. Classification of papillomaviruses (PVs) based on 189 PV types and proposal of taxonomic amendments. Virology. 2010;401(1):70-79. doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.02.002.
Ochoa-Carrillo FJ. Virus del papiloma humano. Desde su descubrimiento hasta el desarrollo de una vacuna. Parte I/III. GAMO 2014;13: 308-315. Disponible en: https://www.elsevier.es/es-revista-gaceta-mexicana-oncologia- 305-articulo-virus-del-papiloma-humano- desde-X1665920114805966
Taxonomy. ICTV. Disponible en: https:// talk.ictvonline.org/taxonomy/. Revisado en Junio 12, 2021.
Papillomaviridae. Virus taxonomy. 2020 Release. ICTV 9th Report. Available at: https://talk.ictvonline.org/ictv-reports/ ictv_9th_report/dsdna-viruses2011/w/dsd- na_viruses/121/papillomaviridae. Revisado en: Junio 12, 2021.
Human Reference clones. International Human Papillomavirus Reference Center. Swedish National HPV Reference Laboratory. Karolinska Institutet. Available at https://www.hpvcenter.se/human_referen- ce_clones/. Revisado en Junio 12, 2021.
Bruni L. The frequency of HPV infection worldwide. No 35. HPV World. Internet. Consultado el 12/07/2021. Disponible en: https://www.hpvworld.com/de Sanjosé S, Diaz M, Castellsagué X, Clifford G, Bruni L, Muñoz N, Bosch FX. Worldwide prevalence and genotype distribution of cervical human papillomavirus DNA in women with normal cytology: a meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2007;7(7):453-459. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(07)70158-5.
Chesson HW, Dunne EF, Hariri S, Markowitz LE. The estimated lifetime probability of acquiring human papillomavirus in the United States. Sex Transm Dis. 2014;41(11):660-664. doi: 10.1097/ OLQ.0000000000000193.
Rodríguez AC, Schiffman M, Herrero R, Wacholder S, Hildesheim A, Castle PE, Solomon D, Burk R; Proyecto Epidemiológico Guanacaste Group. Rapid clearance of human papillomavirus and implications for clinical focus on persistent infections. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2008;100(7):513-517. doi: 10.1093/jnci/djn044.
Winer RL, Hughes JP, Feng Q, Xi LF, Cherne S, O’Reilly S, Kiviat NB, Koutsky LA. Early natural history of incident, type-specific human papillomavirus infections in newly sexually active young women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2011;20(4):699-707. doi: 10.1158/1055-
9965.EPI-10-1108.
Bruni L, Diaz M, Castellsagué X, Ferrer E, Bosch FX, de Sanjosé S. Cervical human papillomavirus prevalence in 5 continents: meta-analysis of 1 million women with normal cytological findings. J Infect Dis. 2010;202(12):1789-1799. doi: 10.1086/657321.
Núñez-Troconis J, Delgado M, González J, Velásquez J, Mindiola R, Whitby D, Munroe D. Human papillomavirus false positive cytological diagnosis in low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion. Invest. Clín. 2009; 50(4):447-454. Disponible en: http://ve.scielo.org/scielo.php?script=sci_ arttext&pid=S053551332009000400004&lng=es.
Toro de Méndez M, López de Sánchez M. Infección por virus papiloma humano en pacientes con citología de cuello uterino negativa. Rev Obstet Ginecol Ven 2017; 77(1):11-20. Disponible en: http://ve.scielo.org/ scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S00487 7322017000100003&lng=es.
Mayo TT, Imtiaz R, Doan HQ, Sambrano BL, Gordon R, Ramirez-Fort MK, Tyring SK. Human Papillomavirus: Epidemiology and Clinical Features of Related Cancer. En: Hudnall SD (ed.). Viruses and Human Cancer. New York: Springer Science+Business Media; 2014. p. 199–228. doi: https://doi. org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0870-7_9
Benuto ARE, Berumen CJ. Virus oncógenos: el paradigma del virus del papiloma humano. Dermatol Rev Mex 2009;53(5):234-242. Disponible en: https://www.medi graphic.com/cgi-bin/new/resumen.cgi? IDARTICULO=27435
Bruni L, Albero G, Serrano B, Mena M, Gómez D, Muñoz J, Bosch FX, de Sanjosé S. ICO/IARC information centre on HPV and cancer (HPV Information Centre). Human Papillomavirus and Related Diseases in the World. Summary Report 17 June 2019 (updated 2019-07-27 08:33:24). Revisado en Junio 15, 2021.
McQuillan G, Kruszon-Moran D, Markowitz LE, Unger ER, Paulose-Ram R. Prevalence of HPV in Adults Aged 18- 69: United States, 2011-2014. NCHS Data Brief. 2017 Apr;(280):1-8.
Núñez-Troconis J, Delgado M, González J, Mindiola R, Velásquez J, Conde B, Whitby D, Munroe DJ. Prevalence and risk factors of human papillomavirus infection in asymptomatic women in a Venezuelan urban area. Invest Clin. 2009;50(2):203-212.
Kombe Kombe AJ, Li B, Zahid A, Mengist HM, Bounda GA, Zhou Y, Jin T. Epidemiology and Burden of Human Papillomavirus and Related Diseases, Molecular Pathogenesis, and Vaccine Evaluation. Front Public Health. 2021; 8:552028. doi: 10.3389/ fpubh.2020.552028.
Veldhuijzen NJ, Snijders PJ, Reiss P, Meijer CJ, van de Wijgert JH. Factors affecting transmission of mucosal human papillomavirus. Lancet Infect Dis. 2010;10(12):862- 874. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(10)70190-0. Erratum in: Lancet Infect Dis. 2015; 15(10):1130.
Stanley M. HPV - immune response to infection and vaccination. Infect Agent Cancer. 2010; 5:19. doi: 10.1186/1750-9378-5-19.
World Health Organization. Cancers attributable to infections. International Agency for Research on Cancer. Revisado en Agosto 6, 2021. Disponible en: https://gco.iarc.fr/causes/infections/toolspie?mode=2&sex=2&population=who&contin ent=0&countr y=0&population_group= 1&can cer=0&key=att r_cases&lock_ scale=0&pie_mode=1&nb_results=5
Senkomago V, Henley SJ, Thomas CC, Mix JM, Markowitz LE, Saraiya M. Human Papillomavirus-Attributable Cancers - United States, 2012-2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2019;68(33):724-728. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6833a3.
United States Cancer Statistics. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Cancers Associated with Human Papillomavirus, United States—2013–2017. U.S. Cancer Statistics Data Briefs, No. 18. September 2020. Revisado en Agosto 9, 2021. Disponible en: https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/uscs/ about/data-briefs/no18-hpv-assoc-cancers- UnitedStates-2013-2017.htm
De Martel C, Ferlay J, Franceschi S, Vignat J, Bray F, Forman D, Plummer M. Global burden of cancers attributable to infections in 2008: a review and synthetic analysis. Lancet Oncol. 2012;13(6):607-615. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(12)70137-7.
World Health Organization. International Agency for Research on Cancer. Vulva. Cancer Today, Source: Globocan 2020. Revisado en: Agosto 9, 2021. Disponible en: https://gco.iarc.fr/today/data/factsheets/ cancers/21-Vulva-fact-sheet.pdf
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Publicado
2022-05-30
Cómo citar
Núñez-Troconis, J. (2022). Epidemiología del virus del papiloma humano.: Epidemiology of human papillomavirus. Investigación Clínica, 63(2), 170-187. https://doi.org/10.54817/IC.v63n2a07
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