Primary Dysmenorrhea: pathophysiology.
Dismenorrea Primaria: fisiopatología.
Palabras clave:
menstruación, ciclo menstrual, dismenorrea, dismenorrea primaria, patofisiología, inflamación
Resumen
La presente revisión fue realizada con el objeto de investigar y analizar los estudios más recientes y elevantes sobre la dismenorrea primaria y su fisiopatología. La literatura revisada fue realizada electrónicamente en PubMed, Medline, ISI, DOAJ, Springer, Embase. Web of Knowledge, DOAJ, Google Scholar y la Librería Cochrane para los artículos escritos en inglés. Scielo, Lantidex, Imbiomed-L, Redalyc y Google Scholar fueron revisados en búsqueda de artículos escritos en español. La búsqueda incluyó las palabras claves (Mesh): menstruación, periodo menstrual, ciclo menstrual, dismenorrea, dismenorrea primaria, substancias inflamatorias y marcadores inflamatorios. Se revisaron publicaciones desde enero 1980 a febrero 2021. La dismenorrea es la condición ginecológica más común presente en la mujer menstruante. Se caracteriza por dolor en el abdomen bajo tipo cólico, su severidad es variable y está asociada con otros síntomas. Su impacto general tiene implicaciones médicas y psicosociales significativas. La característica de la dismenorrea primaria son las menstruaciones dolorosas en ausencia de un proceso patológico macroscópico, ocurre hasta en un 50% de las mujeres menstruantes y causa alteración de la calidad de vida y ausentismo. Un exceso o desbalance de la cantidad de prostanoides y posiblemente liberación de eicosanoides por el endometriodurante la menstruación han sido mencionados como la principal causa de la dismenorrea primaria. El útero es inducido a contraerse frecuente y disritmicamente con aumento del tono basal e incremento de presión activa. La hipercontractibilidad del útero reduce el flujo sanguíneo e incrementa la hipersensibilidad periférica lo cual induce dolor. Esta revisión narrativa investigó y analizó la patofisiología de la dismenorrea primaria y las implicaciones de otras sustancias químicas.
Descargas
La descarga de datos todavía no está disponible.
Citas
Speroff´s Clinical Gynecologic Endocrinology and Infertility. The Uterus, Endometrial Physiology, and Menstruation. Chapter 3. Editors: Taylor HS, Pal L, Seli E. Editorilal Wolters Kluwer. 9th Edition 2020; 192-270.
Menstruation. Retrieved on: September 17, 2020. Available at: https://en.wikipedia. org/wiki/Menstruation.
Goswami B, Rajappa M, Sharma M, Sharma A. Inflammation: its role and interplay in the development of cancer, with special focus on gynecological malignancies. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2008;18(4):591-599. Doi: 10.1111/j.1525-1438.2007.01089.x. Epub
2007 Oct 18.
Serhan CN, Chiang N, Van Dyke TE. Resolving inflammation: dual anti-inflammatory and pro-resolution lipid mediators. Nat Rev Immunol 2008;8(5):349-361. Doi: 10.1038/nri2294.
Jabbour HN, Sales KJ, Catalano RD, Norman JE. Inflammatory pathways in female reproductive health and disease. Reproduction 2009;138(6):903-919. Doi: 10.1530/ REP-09-0247. Epub 2009 Sep 30.
Speroff´s Clinical Gynecologic Endocrinology and Infertility. Menstruation related disorders. Chapter 14. Editors: Taylor HS, Pal L, Seli E. Editorilal Wolters Kluwer. 9th Edition 2020; 1150-1213.
Harlow SD, Park M. A longitudinal study of risk factors for the occurrence, duration and severity of menstrual cramps in a cohort of college women. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1996;103(11):1134-42. Doi: 10.1111/
j.1471-0528.1996.tb09597.x. Erratum in: Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1997;104(3):386.
Lefebvre G, Pinsonneault O, Antao V, Black A, Burnett M, Feldman K, Lea R, Robert M; SOGC. Primary dysmenorrhea consensus guideline. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2005;27(12):1117-1146. Doi: 10.1016/ s1701-2163(16)30395-4.
Morrow C, Naumburg EH. Dysmenorrhea. Prim Care 2009;36(1):19-32, vii. Doi: 10.1016/j.pop.2008.10.004.
Latthe P, Latthe M, Say L, Gülmezoglu M, Khan KS. WHO systematic review of prevalence of chronic pelvic pain: a neglected reproductive health morbidity. BMC Public Health 2006 6;6:177. Doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-6-177.
Jamieson DJ, Steege JF. The prevalence of dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, pelvic pain, and irritable bowel syndrome in primary care practices. Obstet Gynecol 1996;87(1):55– 58. Doi: 10.1016/0029-7844(95)00360-6.
Andersch B, Milsom I. An epidemiologic study of young women with dysmenorrhea. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1982;144(6):655– 660. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9378 (82)90433-1.
Ng TP, Tan NC, Wansaicheong GK. A prevalence study of dysmenorrhoea in female residents aged 15-54 years in Clementi Town, Singapore. Ann Acad Med Singap 1992 May;21(3):323-327.
Strinić T, Buković D, Pavelić L, Fajdić J, Herman I, Stipić I, Palada I, Hirs I. Anthropological and clinical characteristics in adolescent women with dysmenorrhea. Coll Antropol 2003 Dec;27(2):707-11.
Hirata M, Kumabe K, Inoue Y. Relationship between the frequency of menstrual pain and bodyweight in female adolescents. Nihon Koshu Eisei Zasshi 2002 Jun;49(6):516-24. Japanese. PMID: 12138714.
Pawlowski B. Prevalence of menstrual pain in relation to the reproductive life history of women from the Mayan rural community. Ann Hum Biol 2004;31(1):1–8. Doi: 10.1080/03014460310001602072.
Pullon S, Reinken J, Sparrow M. Prevalence of dysmenorrhoea in Wellington women. N Z Med J 1988 Feb 10;101(839):52-54. PMID: 3380425.
Zondervan KT, Yudkin PL, Vessey MP, Dawes MG, Barlow DH, Kennedy SH. The prevalence of chronic pelvic pain in women in the United Kingdom: a systematic review. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1998 Jan;105(1):93- 99. Doi: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1998.tb09357.x.
Burnett MA, Antao V, Black A, Feldman K, Grenville A, Lea R, Lefebvre G, Pinsonneault O, Robert M. Prevalence of primary dysmenorrhea in Canada. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2005 Aug;27(8):765-770. Doi: 10. 1016/s1701-2163(16)30728-9.
Núñez Troconis J, Amesty Neovis. Trastornos menstruales en estudiantes universitarias. II. Menarquia y Dismenorrea Rev Obstet Ginecol Vzla 1991:51(2):105-108.
Hillen TI, Grbavac SL, Johnston PJ, Straton JA, Keogh JM. Primary dysmenorrhea in young Western Australian women: prevalence, impact, and knowledge of treatment. J Adolesc Health 1991;25(1):40-45. Doi: 10.1016/s1054-139x(98)00147-5.
Burnett M, Lemyre M. No. 345 Primary Dysmenorrhea Consensus Guideline. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2017;39(7):585-595. Doi: 10.1016/j.jogc.2016.12.023.
Weissman AM, Hartz AJ, Hansen MD, Johnson SR. The natural history of primary dysmenorrhea: a longitudinal study. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 2004;111(4):345–352. Doi: 10.1111/j.147 1-028.2004.00090.x
Sundell G, Milsom I, Andersch B. Factors influencing the prevalence and severity of dysmenorrhoea in young women. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1990;97(7):588-594. Doi: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1990.tb02545.x.
Parazzini F, Tozzi L, Mezzopane R, Luchini L, Marchini M, Feldele L. Cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and risk of primary dysmenorrhea. Epidemiology 1994;5(4):469-472. https://www.jstor.org/ stable/pdf/3702485.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3A736ff942abd737d5ed23865cf14f96cd
Kritz-Silverstein D, Wingard DL, Garland FC. The association of behavior and lifestyle factors with menstrual symptoms. J Womens Health Gend Based Med 1999;8(9):1185–1193. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.1.1999.8.1185.
Alonso C, Coe CL. Disruptions of social relationships accentuate the association between emotional distress and menstrual pain in young women. Health Psychol 2001;20(6):411–416. Doi: 10.1037//0278-6133.20.6.411.
Iacovides S, Avidon I, Baker FC. What we know about primary dysmenorrhea today: a critical review. Hum Reprod Update 2015;21(6):762-778. Doi: 10.1093/humu-pd/dmv039. Epub 2015 Sep 7.
Balik G, Ustuner I, Kagitci M, Sahin FK. Is there a relationship between mood disorders and dysmenorrhea? J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2014;27:371e4. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.jpag.2014.01.108.
Zou SF, Wang HY. One review on the latest etiology research progress of primary dysmenorrhea. Reprod Dey Med 2018;2:171- 177. Doi: 10.4103/2096-2924.248489.
Coco AS. Primary dysmenorrhea. Am Fam Physician 1999;60:489-496. https://www. aafp.org/afp/1999/0801/p489.html.
Dawood MY. Primary dysmenorrhea: advances in pathogenesis and management. Obstet Gynecol. 2006;108(2):428-441. Doi: 10.1097/01.AOG.0000230214.26638.0c.
Daley AJ. Exercise and primary dysmenorrhoea: a comprehensive and critical review of the literature. Sports Med 2008;38:659– 670. Doi: 10.2165/00007256-200838080-00004.
Proctor M, Farquhar C. Diagnosis and management of dysmenorrhoea. BMJ 2006; 332:1134–1138. Doi: 10.1136/bmj.332.7550.1134.
Unsal A, Ayranci U, Tozun M, Arslan G, Calik E. Prevalence of dysmenorrhea and its effect on quality of life among a group of female university students. Ups J Med Sci. 2010 May;115(2):138-145. Doi: 10.3109/03009730903457218.
Hofmeyr GJ. Dysmenorrhoea. In: Bassin J (ed). Topics in Obstetrics and Gynaecology. Johannesburg: Julmar Communications 1996, 269–274.
Campbell MA, McGrath PJ. Use of medication by adolescents for the management of menstrual discomfort. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1997;151(9):905-913. Doi: 10.1001/ archpedi.1997.02170460043007.
Wilson CA, Keye WR Jr. A survey of adolescent dysmenorrhea and premenstrual symptom frequency. A model program for prevention, detection, and treatment. J Adolesc Health Care 1989;10(4):317- 322. Doi: 10.1016/0197-0070(89)90065-x.
Klein JR, Litt IF. Epidemiology of adolescent dysmenorrhea. Pediatrics 1981; 68(5):661-664.
Johnson J. Level of knowledge among adolescent girls regarding effective treatment for dysmenorrhea. J Adolesc Health Care. 1988;9(5):398-402. Doi: 10.1016/0197-0070(88)90036-8.
Ju H, Jones M, Mishra G. The prevalence and risk factors of dysmenorrhea. Epidemiol Rev 2014;36:104-113. Doi: 10.1093/ epirev/mxt009. Epub 2013 Nov 26.
Tu CH, Niddam DM, Chao HT, Chen LF, Chen YS, Wu YT, Yeh TC, Lirng JF, Hsieh JC. Brain morphological changes associated with cyclic menstrual pain. Pain 2010;150(3):462-468. Doi: 10.1016/j.pain. 2010.05.026.
Liu P, Yang J, Wang G, Liu Y, Liu X, Jin L, Liang F, Qin W, Calhoun VD. Altered regional cortical thickness and subcortical volume in women with primary dysmenorrhoea. Eur J Pain 2016;20(4):512-520. Doi: 10.1002/ejp.753. Epub 2015 Jul 29.
Dun WH, Yang J, Yang L, Ding D, Ma XY, Liang FL, von Deneen KM, Ma SH, Xu XL, Liu J, Zhang M. Abnormal structure and functional connectivity of the anterior insula at pain-free periovulation is associated with perceived pain during menstruation. Brain Imaging Behav 2017;11(6):1787- 1795. Doi: 10.1007/s11682-016-9646-y.
Dun W, Yang J, Yang L, Ma S, Guo C, Zhang X, Zhang H, Liu H, Zhang M. Abnormal white matter integrity during pain-free periovulation is associated with pain intensity in primary dysmenorrhea. Brain Imaging Behav. 2017;11(4):1061-1070. Doi: 10.1007/s11682-016-9582-x.
Liu J, Liu H, Mu J, Xu Q, Chen T, Dun W, Yang J, Tian J, Hu L, Zhang M. Altered white matter microarchitecture in the cingulum bundle in women with primary dysme- norrhea: A tract-based analysis study. Hum Brain Mapp 2017;38(9):4430-4443. Doi: 10.1002/hbm.23670. Epub 2017 Jun 7.
Liu P, Liu Y, Wang G, Li R, Wei Y, Fan Y, Yu Y, Deng D, Qin W. Changes of functional connectivity of the anterior cingulate cortex in women with primary dysmenorrhea. Brain Imaging Behav 2018;12(3):710-717. Doi: 10.1007/s11682-017-9730-y.
Jin L, Yang X, Liu P, Sun J, Chen F, Xu Z, Qin W, Tian J. Dynamic abnormalities of spontaneous brain activity in women with primary dysmenorrhea. J Pain Res 2017 Mar 24;10:699-707. Doi: 10.2147/JPR.S12 1286.
Wu TH, Tu CH, Chao HT, Li WC, Low I, Chuang CY, Yeh TC, Cheng CM, Chou CC, Chen LF, Hsieh JC. Dynamic changes of functional pain connectome in women with primary dysmenorrhea. Sci Rep 2016;6:24543. Doi: 10.1038/srep24543.
Lee, PS., Low, I., Chen, YS, Tu CH, Chao HT, Hsieh JC, Chen LF. Encoding of menstrual pain experience with theta oscillations in women with primary dysmenorrhea. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15977. https://doi. org/10.1038/s41598-017-16039-4.
Dogru HY, Ozsoy AZ, Karakus N, Delibas IB, Isguder CK, Yigit S. Association of genetic polymorphisms in TNF and MIF gene with the risk of primary dysmenorrhea. Biochem Genet 2016;54(4):457-466. Doi: 10.1007/s10528-016-9732-2. Epub 2016 Apr 22.
Lee LC, Tu CH, Chen LF, Shen HD, Chao HT, Lin MW, Hsieh JC. Association of brainderived neurotrophic factor gene Val66Met polymorphism with primary dysmenorrhea. PLoS One 2014 Nov 10;9(11):e112766. Doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112766.
Erten S, Altunoglu A, Keskin HL, Ceylan GG, Yazıcı A, Dalgaci AF, Uyanık G, Avsar AF. Increased frequency of MEFV gene mutations in patients with primary dysmenorrhea. Mod Rheumatol 2013;23(5):959-962. Doi: 10.1007/s10165-012-0779-6. Epub 2012 Oct 10.
Liedman R, Hansson SR, Howe D, Igid-bashian S, Russell RJ, Akerlund M. Endometrial expression of vasopressin, oxytocin and their receptors in patients with primary dysmenorrhoea and healthy volunteers at ovulation. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2008;137(2):189-192. Doi: 10.1016/j.
ejogrb.2007.10.015. Epub 2007 Dec 20.
Yeh ML, Chen HH, So EC, Liu CF. A study of serum malondialdehyde and interleukin6 levels in young women with dysmenorrhea in Taiwan. Life Sci 2004;75:669673. Doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2003.11.034.
Turhan N, Celik H, Duvan Cİ, Onaran Y, Aydın M, Armutcu F. Investigation of oxidative balance in patients with dysmenorrhea by multiple serum markers. J Turk Ger Gynecol Assoc 2012;13(4):233-236. Doi: 10.5152/jtgga.2012.36.
Gaweł S, Wardas M, Niedworok E, Wardas P. Malondialdehyde (MDA) as a lipid peroxidation marker. Wiad Lek 2004;57:453-455.
Dikensoy E, Balat O, Pençe S, Balat A, Cekmen M, Yurekli M. Malondialdehyde, nitric oxide and adrenomedullin levels in patients with primary dysmenorrhea. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2008;34(6):1049-53. Doi: 10.1111/j.1447-0756.2008.00802.x.
AbdulRazzak KK, Obeidat BA, AlFarras MI, Dauod AS. Vitamin D and PTH status among adolescent and young females with severe dysmenorrhea. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2014;27:7882. Doi:10.1016/j.jpag.2013.07.005.
AbdulRazzak KK-2-, Ayoub NM, Abu-Taleb AA, Obeidat BA. Influence of dietary intake of dairy products on dysmenorrhea. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2010;36:377-383. Doi: 10.1111/j.14470756.2009.01159.x.
Lasco A, Catalano A, Benvenga S. Improvement of primary dysmenorrhea caused by a single oral dose of Vitamin D: Results of a randomized, doubleblind, placebocontrolled study. Arch Intern Med 2012;172:366-367. Doi: 10.1001/archinter-nmed.2011.715.
Moini A, Ebrahimi T, Shirzad N, Hosseini R, Radfar M, Bandarian F, Jafari-Adli S, Qorbani M, Hemmatabadi M. The effect of vitamin D on primary dysmenorrhea with vitamin D deficiency: a randomized double-blind controlled clinical trial. Gynecol Endocrinol 2016;32(6):502-505. Doi: 10.3109/09513590.2015.1136617. Epub 2016 May 5.
Mehrpooya M, Eshraghi A, Rabiee S, Larki-Harchegani A, Ataei S. Comparison the effect of fishoil and calcium supplementation on treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. Rev Recent Clin Trials 2017;12:148153. Doi: 10.2174/1574887112666170328125529.
Orimadegun BE, Awolude OA, Agbedana EO. Markers of lipid and protein peroxidation among Nigerian university students with dysmenorrhea. Niger J Clin Pract 2019;22(2):174-180. Doi: 10.4103/njcp.njcp_279_18.
Messinis IE, Messini CI, Dafopoulos K. Novel aspects of the endocrinology of the menstrual cycle. Reprod Biomed Online [serial on the Internet]. 2014 Jun [cited 17th Nov 2020];28(6):714-722. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rb mo.2014.02.003.
Mihm M, Gangooly S, Muttukrishna S. The normal menstrual cycle in women. Anim Reprod Sci [serial on the Internet]. 2011 Apr [cited 17th Nov 2020];124(3-4):229-236. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j. anireprosci.2010.08.030.
Foster C, Al-Zubeidi H. Menstrual irregularities. Pediatr Ann [serial on the Internet]. 2018 Jan 1;47(1):e23-8. Reviewed on Nov 17, 2020. Available from: https://doi. org/10.3928/19382359-20171219-01.
Gargett CE, Schwab KE, Deane JA. Endometrial stem/progenitor cells: the first 10 years. Hum Reprod Update 2016;22(2):137- 163. Doi: 10.1093/humupd/dmv051. Epub 2015 Nov 9.
Baerwald AR, Adams GP, Pierson RA. Ovarian antral folliculogenesis during the human menstrual cycle: a review. Hum Reprod Update [serial on the Internet]. 2012 18(1):73-91. Reviewed: nov 7, 2020. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1093/humu- pd/dmr039.
Critchley HOD, Maybin JA, Armstrong GM, Williams ARW. Physiology of the endometrium and regulation of menstruation. Physiol Rev [serial on the Internet]. 2020 Jul 1 [cited 1st Feb 2021];100(3):1149-1179. Available on: https://doi.org/10.1152/ physrev.00031.2019.
Chaireti R, Lindahl TL, Byström B, Bremme K, Larsson A. Inflammatory and endothelial markers during the menstrual cycle. Scand J Clin Lab Invest [serial on the Internet]. 2016 [cited 28th Jan 2021];76(3):190-194. Available on: https:// doi.org/10.3109/00365513.2015.1129670.
Jarrell J. The significance and evolution of menstruation. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol [serial on the Internet]. 2018 Jul [cited 28th Jan 2021];50:18-26. Available on: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpo- bgyn.2018.01.007.
Schatz F, Guzeloglu-Kayisli O, Arlier S, Kayisli UA, Lockwood CJ. The role of decidual cells in uterine hemostasis, menstruation, inflammation, adverse pregnancy outcomes and abnormal uterine bleeding. Hum Reprod Update [serial on the Internet]. 2016 Jun [cited 1st Feb 2021];22(4):497-515. Available on: https://doi.org/10.1093/hu- mupd/dmw004
Antczak A, Ciebiada M, Kharitonov SA, Gorski P, Barnes PJ. Inflammatory markers: exhaled nitric oxide and carbon monoxide during the ovarian cycle. Inflammation [serial on the Internet]. 2012 Apr [cited 31st Jan 2021];35(2):554-559. Available on: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10753- 011-9345-1.
Coussens L, Werb Z. Inflammation and cancer. Nature 2002; 420: 860–867 https:// doi.org/10.1038/nature01322.
Serhan CN, Chiang N, Van Dyke TE. Resolving inflammation: dual anti-inflammatory and pro-resolution lipid mediators. Nat Rev Immunol 2008;8(5):349-361. Doi: 10.1038/nri2294.
Harel Z. Dysmenorrhea in adolescents and young adults: etiology and management. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2006;19(6):363- 371. Doi: 10.1016/j.jpag.2006.09.001.
Ryan SA. The Treatment of Dysmenorrhea. Pediatr Clin North Am 2017;64(2):331- 342. Doi: 10.1016/j.pcl.2016.11.004.
Maybin JA, Critchley HO. Progesterone: a pivotal hormone at menstruation. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2011;1221:88-97. Doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.05953.x.
Hailemeskel S, Demissie A, Assefa N. Primary dysmenorrhea magnitude, associated risk factors, and its effect on academic performance: evidence from female university students in Ethiopia. Int J Womens Health 2016;8:489- 496. Doi: 10.2147/IJWH.S1127 68.
Bulletti C, de Ziegler D, Polli V, Diotallevi L, Del Ferro E, Flamigni C. Uterine contractility during the menstrual cycle. Hum Reprod 2000;15 Suppl 1:81-89. Doi: 10.1093/humrep/15.suppl_1.81.
Pickles VR, Hall WJ, Best FA, Smith GN. Prostaglandins in endometrium and menstrual fluid from normal and dysmenorrheoic subjects. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw 1965;72:185-192. Doi: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1965.tb01415.x.
Lundström V, Gréen K. Endogenous levels of prostaglandin F2 alpha and its main metabolites in plasma and endometrium of normal and dysmenorrheic women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1978;130(6):64064-6. Doi: 10.1016/0002-9378(78)90320-4.
Dawood MY. Dysmenorrhoea and prostaglandins: pharmacological and therapeutic considerations. Drugs 1981;22(1):42-56. Doi: 10.2165/00003495-198122010-00003.
King AE, Critchley HO. Oestrogen and progesterone regulation of inflammatory processes in the human endometrium. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2010;120(2-3):116-126. Doi: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2010.01.003. Epub 2010 Jan 11.
Barcikowska Z, Rajkowska-Labon E, Grzybowska ME, Hansdorfer-Korzon R, Zorena K. Inflammatory markers in dysmenorrhea and therapeutic options. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020;17(4):1191. Doi: 10.3390/ijerph17041191.
Demers LM, Hahn DW, McGuire JL. Newer concepts in dysmenorrheal research: leukotrienes and calcium channel blockers. In: Dawood MY, McGuire JL, Demers LM, editors. Premenstrual syndrome and dysmenorrhea. Baltimore (MD): Urban and Schwarzenberg 1985; 205.
Carraher R, Hahn DW, Ritchie DM, McGuire JL. Involvement of lipoxygenase products in myometrial contractions. Prostaglandins 1983;26(1):23-32. Doi: 10.1016/0090- 6980(83)90071-0.
Rees MC, DiMarzo V, Tippins JR, Morris HR, Turnbull AC. Leukotriene release by endometrium and myometrium throughout the menstrual cycle in dysmenorrhoea and menorrhagia. J Endocrinol 1987;113(2):291-295. Doi: 10.1677/ joe.0.1130291.
Bieglmayer C, Hofer G, Kainz C, Reinthaller A, Kopp B, Janisch H. Concentrations of various arachidonic acid metabolites in menstrual fluid are associated with menstrual pain and are influenced by hormonal contraceptives. Gynecol Endocrinol 1995;9(4):307-312. Doi: 10.3109/09513599509160464.
Nigam S, Benedetto C, Zonca M, Leo-Rossberg I, Lübbert H, Hammerstein J. Increased concentrations of eicosanoids and platelet-activating factor in menstrual blood from women with primary dysmenorrhea. Eicosanoids 1991;4(3):137-141.
Mitchell MD, Grzyboski CF. Arachidonic acid metabolism by lipoxygenase pathways in intrauterine tissues of women at term of pregnancy. Prostaglandins Leukot Med 1987;28(3):303-312. Doi: 10.1016/0262-
1746(87)90119-3.
Vander A, Sherman J, Luciano D. Human Physiology: The Mechanisms of Body Function, 13th edn. New York, USA: McGraw-Hill Companies, 1998. ISBN-13: 978-0073378305. ISBN-10: 0073378305
Funk CD. Prostaglandins and leukotrienes: advances in eicosanoid biology. Science 2001;294(5548):1871-1875. Doi: 10.1126/science.294.5548.1871.
Liedman R, Skillern L, James I, McLeod A, Grant L, Akerlund M. Validation of a test model of induced dysmenorrhea. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2006;85(4):451- 457. Doi: 10.1080/00016340500432432.
Akerlund M 3, Strömberg P, Forsling ML. Primary dysmenorrhoea and vasopressin. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1979;86(6):484-487. Doi: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1979.tb10794.x.
Valentin L, Sladkevicius P, Kindahl H, Broeders A, Marsal K, Melin P. Effects of a vasopressin antagonist in women with dysmenorrhea. Gynecol Obstet Invest 2000;50(3):170-177. Doi: 10.1159
/000010319.
Åkerlund M. Pathophysiology of Dysmenorrhea, Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 1979:58:sup87, 27-32, Doi: 10.3109/00016347909157786.
Akerlund M, Hauksson A, Lundin S, Melin P, Trojnar J. Vasotocin analogues which competitively inhibit vasopressin stimulated uterine activity in healthy women. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1986;93(1):22-27. Doi: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1986.tb07807.x.
Bossmar T, Akerlund M, Szamatowicz J, Laudanski T, Fantoni G, Maggi M. Receptor-mediated uterine effects of vasopressin and oxytocin in nonpregnant women. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1995;102(11):907-912. Doi: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1995.tb10880.x.
Akerlund M. Can primary dysmenorrhea be alleviated by a vasopressin antagonist? Results of a pilot study. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1987;66(5):459-461. Doi: 10. 3109/00016348709022055.
Bossmar T 2, Brouard R, Döberl A, Akerlund M. Effects of SR 49059, an orally active V1a vasopressin receptor antagonist, on va sopressin induced uterine contractions. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1997;104(4):471-477. Doi: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1997.tb11500.x.
Brouard R, Bossmar T, Fournié-Lloret D, Chassard D, Akerlund M. Effect of SR49059, an orally active V1a vasopressin receptor antagonist, in the prevention of dysmenorrhoea. BJOG 2000;107(5):614-619. Doi: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2000.tb13302.x.
Ma H, Hong M, Duan J, Liu P, Fan X, Shang E, Su S, Guo J, Qian D, Tang Y. Altered cytokine gene expression in peripheral blood monocytes across the menstrual cycle in primary dysmenorrhea: a case control study. PLoS One 2013;8(2):e55200. Doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055200. Epub 2013 Feb 4.
Kannan P, Cheung KK, Lau BWM. Does aerobic exercise induced-analgesia occur through hormone and inflammatory cytokine mediated mechanisms in primary dysmenorrhea? Med Hypotheses 2019; 123: 50–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2018.12.011.
Leimert KB, Verstraeten BSE, Messer A, Nemati R, Blackadar K, Fang X, Robertson SA, Chemtob S, Olson DM. Cooperative effects of sequential PGF2-α and IL -1β on IL -6 and COX-2 expression in human myometrial cells. Biol Reprod 2019;100(5):1370-1385. Doi: 10.1093/biolre/ioz029.
Ciebiera M, Włodarczyk M, Zgliczyńska M, Łukaszuk K, Męczekalski B, Kobierzycki C, Łoziński T, Jakiel G. The role of tumor necrosis factor α in the biology of uterine fibroids and the related symptoms. Int J Mol Sci 2018;19(12):3869. Doi: 10.3390/ijms19123869.
Dogru HY, Ozsoy AZ, Karakus N, Delibas IB, Isguder CK, Yigit S. Association of genetic polymorphisms in TNF and MIF gene with the risk of primary dysmenorrhea. Biochem Genet 2016;54(4):457-466. Doi: 10.1007/s10528-016-9732-2. Epub 2016Apr 22.
Hunter CA, Jones SA. IL -6 as a keystone cytokine in health and disease. Nat Immunol 2015;16(5):448-457. Doi: 10.1038/ni.3153. Erratum in: Nat Immunol 2017 Oct 18;18(11):1271.
Whitcomb BW, Mumford SL, Perkins NJ, Wactawski-Wende J, Bertone-Johnson ER, Lynch KE, Schisterman EF. Urinary cytokine and chemokine profiles across the menstrual cycle in healthy reproductive-aged women. Fertil Steril 2014;101(5):1383-1391. Doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2014.01.027. Epub 2014 Feb 26.
Angstwurm MW, Gärtner R, Ziegler- Heitbrock HW. Cyclic plasma IL -6 levels during normal menstrual cycle. Cytokine 1997; 9(5):370-374. Doi: 10.1006/cyto.1996.0178.
Yeh ML, Chen HH, So EC, Liu CF. A study of serum malondialdehyde and interleukin-6 levels in young women with dysmenorrhea in Taiwan. Life Sci 2004;75(6):669-673. Doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2003.11.034.
Konecna L, Yan MS, Miller LE, Schölmerich J, Falk W, Straub RH. Modulation of IL -6 production during the menstrual cycle in vivo and in vitro. Brain Behav Immun 2000;14(1):49-61. Doi: 10.1006/brbi. 1999.0570.
Rosalki, S. Creactive protein. Int J Clin Pract 2001; 55:269–270.
Lorenz TK, Worthman CM, Vitzthum VJ. Links among inflammation, sexual activity and ovulation: Evolutionary trade-offs and clinical implications. Evol Med Public Health 2015;2015(1):304-324. Doi: 10.1093/emph/eov029.
Sproston NR, Ashworth JJ. Role of Creactive protein at sites of inflammation and infection. Front Immunol 2018;9:754. Doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00754.
Gaskins AJ, Wilchesky M, Mumford SL, Whitcomb BW, Browne RW, Wactawski-Wende J, Perkins NJ, Schisterman EF. Endogenous reproductive hormones and Creactive protein across the menstrual cycle: the BioCycle Study. Am J Epidemiol 2012;175(5):423-431. Doi: 10.1093/aje/kwr343. Epub 2012 Feb 3.
Wander K, Brindle E, O’Connor KA. Creactive protein across the menstrual cycle. Am J Phys Anthropol 2008;136(2):138- 146. Doi: 10.1002/ajpa.20785.
Puder JJ, Blum CA, Mueller B, De Geyter Ch, Dye L, Keller U. Menstrual cycle symptoms are associated with changes in low-grade inflammation. Eur J Clin Invest 2006;36(1):58-64. Doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2006.01591.x.
Zhang F, Liu XL, Wang W, Dong HL, Xia YF, Ruan LP, Liu LP. Expression of MMIF, HIF-1α and VEGF in serum and endometrial tissues of patients with endometriosis. Curr Med Sci 2018;38(3):499-504. Doi: 10.1007/s11596-018-1906-1. Epub 2018 Jun 22.
Xu H, Zhang T, Man GC, May KE, Becker CM, Davis TN, Kung AL, Birsner AE, D’Amato RJ, Wong AW, Wang CC. Vascular endothelial growth factor C is increased in endometrium and promotes endothelial functions, vascular permeability and angiogenesis and growth of endometriosis. Angiogenesis 2013;16(3):541-551. Doi: 10.1007/s10456-013-9333-1. Epub 2013 Jan 19.
Ferrara N, Gerber HP, LeCouter J. The biology of VEGF and its receptors. Nat Med 2003;9(6):669-76. Doi: 10.1038/nm0603-669.
Reynolds, L.P.; Grazul-Bilska, A.T.; Redmer, D.A. Angiogenesis in the female reproductive system. Int J Exp Pathol 2002; 83(4): 151–163. Doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2613.2002.00277.x
Siekmeier R, Grammer T, März W. Roles of oxidants, nitric oxide, and asymmetric dimethylarginine in endothelial function. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther. 2008;13(4):279- 297. Doi: 10.1177/1074248408326488.
Epub 2008 Oct 22.
Kielstein JT, Böger RH, Bode-Böger SM, Schäffer J, Barbey M, Koch KM, Frölich JC. Asymmetric dimethylarginine plasma concentrations differ in patients with end stage renal disease: relationship to treatment method and atherosclerotic disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 1999;10(3):594-600.
Kielstein JT, Böger RH, Bode-Böger SM, Frölich JC, Haller H, Ritz E, Fliser D. Marked increase of asymmetric dimethylar ginine in patients with incipient primary chronic renal disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2002;13(1):170-176.
Kielstein JT, Bode-Boger SM, Hesse G, Martens-Lobenhoffer J, Takacs A, Fliser D, Hoeper M. Asymmetric dimethylarginine in idiopathic pulmonary hypertension. Atheroscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2005; 25: 1–5.
https://doi.org/10.1161/01. ATV.0000168414.06853.f0
Kielstein JT, Donnerstag F, Gasper S, Menne J, Kielstein A, Martens-Lobenhoffer J, Scalera F, Cooke JP, Fliser D, Bode-Böger SM. ADMA increases arterial stiffness and decreases cerebral blood flow in humans. Stroke 2006;37(8):2024-2029. Doi: 10.1161/01.STR.0000231640.32543.11.
Epub 2006 Jun 29.
Scalera F, Kielstein JT, Martens-Loben-hoffer J, Postel SC, Täger M, Bode-Böger SM. Erythropoietin increases asymmetric dimethylarginine in endothelial cells: role of dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005;16(4):892- 898. Doi: 10.1681/ASN.2004090735. Epub 2005 Feb 23.
Cameron IT, Campbell S. Nitric oxide in the endometrium. Hum Reprod Update 1998;4(5):565-569. Doi: 10.1093/humupd/4.5.565.
Chwalisz K, Garfield RE. Role of nitric oxide in implantation and menstruation. Hum Reprod 2000;15 Suppl 3:96-111. Doi: 10.1093/humrep/15.suppl_3.96.
Akdemir N, Cinemre H, Bilir C, Akin O, Akdemir R. Increased serum asymmetric dimethylarginine levels in primary dysmenorrhea. Gynecol Obstet Invest 2010;69(3):153- 156. Doi: 10.1159/000264671. Epub 2009
Dec 9.
Moya RA, Moisa CF, Morales F, Wynter H, Ali A, Narancio E. Transdermal glyceryl trinitrate in the management of primary dysmenorrhea. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2000;69(2):113-118. Doi: 10.1016/s0020-7292(00)00185-5.
Transdermal nitroglycerine in the management of pain associated with primary dysmenorrhoea: a multinational pilot study. The Transdermal Nitroglyce- rine/Dysmenorrhoea Study Group. J Int Med Res 1997;25(1):41-44. Doi: 10.1177/ 030006059702500106.
Facchinetti F, Sgarbi L, Piccinini F, Volpe A. A comparison of glyceryl trinitrate with diclofenac for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea: an open, randomized, crossover trial. Gynecol Endocrinol 2002;16(1):39-43.
Galley HF, Coomansingh D, Webster NR, Brunt PW. Nitric oxide synthase activity is increased in relation to the severity of liver dysfunction. Clin Sci (Lond) 1998;95(3):355-359.
Lloyd-Jones DM, Bloch KD. The vascular biology of nitric oxide and its role in athe-rogenesis. Annu Rev Med 1996;47:365-75. Doi: 10.1146/annurev.med.47.1.365.
Waltz P, Escobar D, Botero AM, Zuckerbraun BS. Nitrate/Nitrite as critical mediators to limit oxidative injury and inflammation. Antioxid Redox Signal 2015;23(4):328-339. Doi: 10.1089/ars.2015.6256.
Sun MF, Huang HC, Lin SC, Chang LP, Liu CF. Evaluation of nitric oxide and homocysteine levels in primary dysmenorrheal women in Taiwan. Life Sci 2005;76(17):2005- 2009. Doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2004.09.030. Epub
2005 Jan 13.
Gaweł S 2, Wardas M, Niedworok E, Wardas P. Dialdehyd malonowy (MDA) jako wskaźnik procesów peroksydacji lipidów w organizmie [Malondialdehyde (MDA) as a lipid peroxidation marker]. Wiad Lek 004;57(9-10):453-455. Polish. PMID:15765761.
Yeh ML, Chen HH, So EC, Liu CF. A study of serum malondialdehyde and interleukin-6 levels in young women with dysmenorrhea in Taiwan. Life Sci 2004;75(6):669-673. Doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2003.11.034.
Dikensoy E, Balat O, Pençe S, Balat A, Cekmen M, Yurekli M. Malondialdehyde, nitric oxide and adrenomedullin levels in patients with primary dysmenorrhea. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2008;34(6):1049-1053. Doi: 10.1111/j.1447-0756.2008.00802.x.
Otterbein LE, Mantell LL, Choi AM. Carbon monoxide provides protection against hyperoxic lung injury. Am J Physiol 1999 276(4):L6886-94. Doi: 10.1152/ajp lung.1999.276.4.L688.
Aksoy AN, Laloglu E, Ozkaya AL, Yilmaz EP. Serum heme oxygenase-1 levels in patients with primary dysmenorrhea. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2017;295(4):929-934. Doi: 10.1007/ s00404-017-4312-1. Epub 2017 Feb 25.
Ryter SW, Tyrrell RM. The heme synthesis and degradation pathways: role in oxidant sensitivity. Heme oxygenase has both pro and antioxidant properties. Free Radic Biol Med 2000;28(2):289-309. Doi: 10.1016/ s0891-5849(99)00223-3.
Wagener FA, Volk HD, Willis D, Abraham NG, Soares MP, Adema GJ, Figdor CG. Different faces of the heme-heme oxygenase system in inflammation. Pharmacol Rev 2003;55(3):551-571. Doi: 10.1124/pr.55.3.5. Epub 2003 Jul 17.
Tanaka S, Akaike T, Fang J, Beppu T, Ogawa M, Tamura F, Miyamoto Y, Maeda H. Antiapoptotic effect of haem oxygenase-1 induced by nitric oxide in experimental solid tumour. Br J Cancer 2003;88(6):902- 909. Doi: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6600830.
Soares MP, Marguti I, Cunha A, Larsen R. Immunoregulatory effects of HO-1: how does it work? Curr Opin Pharmacol 2009;9(4):482-489. Doi: 10.1016/j. coph.2009.05.008. Epub 2009 Jul 6.
Yeo WS, Lee SJ, Lee JR, Kim KP. Nitrosative protein tyrosine modifications: biochemistry and functional significance. BMB Rep 2008;41(3):194-203. Doi: 10.5483/bm brep.2008.41.3.194.
Menstruation. Retrieved on: September 17, 2020. Available at: https://en.wikipedia. org/wiki/Menstruation.
Goswami B, Rajappa M, Sharma M, Sharma A. Inflammation: its role and interplay in the development of cancer, with special focus on gynecological malignancies. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2008;18(4):591-599. Doi: 10.1111/j.1525-1438.2007.01089.x. Epub
2007 Oct 18.
Serhan CN, Chiang N, Van Dyke TE. Resolving inflammation: dual anti-inflammatory and pro-resolution lipid mediators. Nat Rev Immunol 2008;8(5):349-361. Doi: 10.1038/nri2294.
Jabbour HN, Sales KJ, Catalano RD, Norman JE. Inflammatory pathways in female reproductive health and disease. Reproduction 2009;138(6):903-919. Doi: 10.1530/ REP-09-0247. Epub 2009 Sep 30.
Speroff´s Clinical Gynecologic Endocrinology and Infertility. Menstruation related disorders. Chapter 14. Editors: Taylor HS, Pal L, Seli E. Editorilal Wolters Kluwer. 9th Edition 2020; 1150-1213.
Harlow SD, Park M. A longitudinal study of risk factors for the occurrence, duration and severity of menstrual cramps in a cohort of college women. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1996;103(11):1134-42. Doi: 10.1111/
j.1471-0528.1996.tb09597.x. Erratum in: Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1997;104(3):386.
Lefebvre G, Pinsonneault O, Antao V, Black A, Burnett M, Feldman K, Lea R, Robert M; SOGC. Primary dysmenorrhea consensus guideline. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2005;27(12):1117-1146. Doi: 10.1016/ s1701-2163(16)30395-4.
Morrow C, Naumburg EH. Dysmenorrhea. Prim Care 2009;36(1):19-32, vii. Doi: 10.1016/j.pop.2008.10.004.
Latthe P, Latthe M, Say L, Gülmezoglu M, Khan KS. WHO systematic review of prevalence of chronic pelvic pain: a neglected reproductive health morbidity. BMC Public Health 2006 6;6:177. Doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-6-177.
Jamieson DJ, Steege JF. The prevalence of dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, pelvic pain, and irritable bowel syndrome in primary care practices. Obstet Gynecol 1996;87(1):55– 58. Doi: 10.1016/0029-7844(95)00360-6.
Andersch B, Milsom I. An epidemiologic study of young women with dysmenorrhea. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1982;144(6):655– 660. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9378 (82)90433-1.
Ng TP, Tan NC, Wansaicheong GK. A prevalence study of dysmenorrhoea in female residents aged 15-54 years in Clementi Town, Singapore. Ann Acad Med Singap 1992 May;21(3):323-327.
Strinić T, Buković D, Pavelić L, Fajdić J, Herman I, Stipić I, Palada I, Hirs I. Anthropological and clinical characteristics in adolescent women with dysmenorrhea. Coll Antropol 2003 Dec;27(2):707-11.
Hirata M, Kumabe K, Inoue Y. Relationship between the frequency of menstrual pain and bodyweight in female adolescents. Nihon Koshu Eisei Zasshi 2002 Jun;49(6):516-24. Japanese. PMID: 12138714.
Pawlowski B. Prevalence of menstrual pain in relation to the reproductive life history of women from the Mayan rural community. Ann Hum Biol 2004;31(1):1–8. Doi: 10.1080/03014460310001602072.
Pullon S, Reinken J, Sparrow M. Prevalence of dysmenorrhoea in Wellington women. N Z Med J 1988 Feb 10;101(839):52-54. PMID: 3380425.
Zondervan KT, Yudkin PL, Vessey MP, Dawes MG, Barlow DH, Kennedy SH. The prevalence of chronic pelvic pain in women in the United Kingdom: a systematic review. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1998 Jan;105(1):93- 99. Doi: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1998.tb09357.x.
Burnett MA, Antao V, Black A, Feldman K, Grenville A, Lea R, Lefebvre G, Pinsonneault O, Robert M. Prevalence of primary dysmenorrhea in Canada. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2005 Aug;27(8):765-770. Doi: 10. 1016/s1701-2163(16)30728-9.
Núñez Troconis J, Amesty Neovis. Trastornos menstruales en estudiantes universitarias. II. Menarquia y Dismenorrea Rev Obstet Ginecol Vzla 1991:51(2):105-108.
Hillen TI, Grbavac SL, Johnston PJ, Straton JA, Keogh JM. Primary dysmenorrhea in young Western Australian women: prevalence, impact, and knowledge of treatment. J Adolesc Health 1991;25(1):40-45. Doi: 10.1016/s1054-139x(98)00147-5.
Burnett M, Lemyre M. No. 345 Primary Dysmenorrhea Consensus Guideline. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2017;39(7):585-595. Doi: 10.1016/j.jogc.2016.12.023.
Weissman AM, Hartz AJ, Hansen MD, Johnson SR. The natural history of primary dysmenorrhea: a longitudinal study. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 2004;111(4):345–352. Doi: 10.1111/j.147 1-028.2004.00090.x
Sundell G, Milsom I, Andersch B. Factors influencing the prevalence and severity of dysmenorrhoea in young women. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1990;97(7):588-594. Doi: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1990.tb02545.x.
Parazzini F, Tozzi L, Mezzopane R, Luchini L, Marchini M, Feldele L. Cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and risk of primary dysmenorrhea. Epidemiology 1994;5(4):469-472. https://www.jstor.org/ stable/pdf/3702485.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3A736ff942abd737d5ed23865cf14f96cd
Kritz-Silverstein D, Wingard DL, Garland FC. The association of behavior and lifestyle factors with menstrual symptoms. J Womens Health Gend Based Med 1999;8(9):1185–1193. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.1.1999.8.1185.
Alonso C, Coe CL. Disruptions of social relationships accentuate the association between emotional distress and menstrual pain in young women. Health Psychol 2001;20(6):411–416. Doi: 10.1037//0278-6133.20.6.411.
Iacovides S, Avidon I, Baker FC. What we know about primary dysmenorrhea today: a critical review. Hum Reprod Update 2015;21(6):762-778. Doi: 10.1093/humu-pd/dmv039. Epub 2015 Sep 7.
Balik G, Ustuner I, Kagitci M, Sahin FK. Is there a relationship between mood disorders and dysmenorrhea? J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2014;27:371e4. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.jpag.2014.01.108.
Zou SF, Wang HY. One review on the latest etiology research progress of primary dysmenorrhea. Reprod Dey Med 2018;2:171- 177. Doi: 10.4103/2096-2924.248489.
Coco AS. Primary dysmenorrhea. Am Fam Physician 1999;60:489-496. https://www. aafp.org/afp/1999/0801/p489.html.
Dawood MY. Primary dysmenorrhea: advances in pathogenesis and management. Obstet Gynecol. 2006;108(2):428-441. Doi: 10.1097/01.AOG.0000230214.26638.0c.
Daley AJ. Exercise and primary dysmenorrhoea: a comprehensive and critical review of the literature. Sports Med 2008;38:659– 670. Doi: 10.2165/00007256-200838080-00004.
Proctor M, Farquhar C. Diagnosis and management of dysmenorrhoea. BMJ 2006; 332:1134–1138. Doi: 10.1136/bmj.332.7550.1134.
Unsal A, Ayranci U, Tozun M, Arslan G, Calik E. Prevalence of dysmenorrhea and its effect on quality of life among a group of female university students. Ups J Med Sci. 2010 May;115(2):138-145. Doi: 10.3109/03009730903457218.
Hofmeyr GJ. Dysmenorrhoea. In: Bassin J (ed). Topics in Obstetrics and Gynaecology. Johannesburg: Julmar Communications 1996, 269–274.
Campbell MA, McGrath PJ. Use of medication by adolescents for the management of menstrual discomfort. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1997;151(9):905-913. Doi: 10.1001/ archpedi.1997.02170460043007.
Wilson CA, Keye WR Jr. A survey of adolescent dysmenorrhea and premenstrual symptom frequency. A model program for prevention, detection, and treatment. J Adolesc Health Care 1989;10(4):317- 322. Doi: 10.1016/0197-0070(89)90065-x.
Klein JR, Litt IF. Epidemiology of adolescent dysmenorrhea. Pediatrics 1981; 68(5):661-664.
Johnson J. Level of knowledge among adolescent girls regarding effective treatment for dysmenorrhea. J Adolesc Health Care. 1988;9(5):398-402. Doi: 10.1016/0197-0070(88)90036-8.
Ju H, Jones M, Mishra G. The prevalence and risk factors of dysmenorrhea. Epidemiol Rev 2014;36:104-113. Doi: 10.1093/ epirev/mxt009. Epub 2013 Nov 26.
Tu CH, Niddam DM, Chao HT, Chen LF, Chen YS, Wu YT, Yeh TC, Lirng JF, Hsieh JC. Brain morphological changes associated with cyclic menstrual pain. Pain 2010;150(3):462-468. Doi: 10.1016/j.pain. 2010.05.026.
Liu P, Yang J, Wang G, Liu Y, Liu X, Jin L, Liang F, Qin W, Calhoun VD. Altered regional cortical thickness and subcortical volume in women with primary dysmenorrhoea. Eur J Pain 2016;20(4):512-520. Doi: 10.1002/ejp.753. Epub 2015 Jul 29.
Dun WH, Yang J, Yang L, Ding D, Ma XY, Liang FL, von Deneen KM, Ma SH, Xu XL, Liu J, Zhang M. Abnormal structure and functional connectivity of the anterior insula at pain-free periovulation is associated with perceived pain during menstruation. Brain Imaging Behav 2017;11(6):1787- 1795. Doi: 10.1007/s11682-016-9646-y.
Dun W, Yang J, Yang L, Ma S, Guo C, Zhang X, Zhang H, Liu H, Zhang M. Abnormal white matter integrity during pain-free periovulation is associated with pain intensity in primary dysmenorrhea. Brain Imaging Behav. 2017;11(4):1061-1070. Doi: 10.1007/s11682-016-9582-x.
Liu J, Liu H, Mu J, Xu Q, Chen T, Dun W, Yang J, Tian J, Hu L, Zhang M. Altered white matter microarchitecture in the cingulum bundle in women with primary dysme- norrhea: A tract-based analysis study. Hum Brain Mapp 2017;38(9):4430-4443. Doi: 10.1002/hbm.23670. Epub 2017 Jun 7.
Liu P, Liu Y, Wang G, Li R, Wei Y, Fan Y, Yu Y, Deng D, Qin W. Changes of functional connectivity of the anterior cingulate cortex in women with primary dysmenorrhea. Brain Imaging Behav 2018;12(3):710-717. Doi: 10.1007/s11682-017-9730-y.
Jin L, Yang X, Liu P, Sun J, Chen F, Xu Z, Qin W, Tian J. Dynamic abnormalities of spontaneous brain activity in women with primary dysmenorrhea. J Pain Res 2017 Mar 24;10:699-707. Doi: 10.2147/JPR.S12 1286.
Wu TH, Tu CH, Chao HT, Li WC, Low I, Chuang CY, Yeh TC, Cheng CM, Chou CC, Chen LF, Hsieh JC. Dynamic changes of functional pain connectome in women with primary dysmenorrhea. Sci Rep 2016;6:24543. Doi: 10.1038/srep24543.
Lee, PS., Low, I., Chen, YS, Tu CH, Chao HT, Hsieh JC, Chen LF. Encoding of menstrual pain experience with theta oscillations in women with primary dysmenorrhea. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15977. https://doi. org/10.1038/s41598-017-16039-4.
Dogru HY, Ozsoy AZ, Karakus N, Delibas IB, Isguder CK, Yigit S. Association of genetic polymorphisms in TNF and MIF gene with the risk of primary dysmenorrhea. Biochem Genet 2016;54(4):457-466. Doi: 10.1007/s10528-016-9732-2. Epub 2016 Apr 22.
Lee LC, Tu CH, Chen LF, Shen HD, Chao HT, Lin MW, Hsieh JC. Association of brainderived neurotrophic factor gene Val66Met polymorphism with primary dysmenorrhea. PLoS One 2014 Nov 10;9(11):e112766. Doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112766.
Erten S, Altunoglu A, Keskin HL, Ceylan GG, Yazıcı A, Dalgaci AF, Uyanık G, Avsar AF. Increased frequency of MEFV gene mutations in patients with primary dysmenorrhea. Mod Rheumatol 2013;23(5):959-962. Doi: 10.1007/s10165-012-0779-6. Epub 2012 Oct 10.
Liedman R, Hansson SR, Howe D, Igid-bashian S, Russell RJ, Akerlund M. Endometrial expression of vasopressin, oxytocin and their receptors in patients with primary dysmenorrhoea and healthy volunteers at ovulation. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2008;137(2):189-192. Doi: 10.1016/j.
ejogrb.2007.10.015. Epub 2007 Dec 20.
Yeh ML, Chen HH, So EC, Liu CF. A study of serum malondialdehyde and interleukin6 levels in young women with dysmenorrhea in Taiwan. Life Sci 2004;75:669673. Doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2003.11.034.
Turhan N, Celik H, Duvan Cİ, Onaran Y, Aydın M, Armutcu F. Investigation of oxidative balance in patients with dysmenorrhea by multiple serum markers. J Turk Ger Gynecol Assoc 2012;13(4):233-236. Doi: 10.5152/jtgga.2012.36.
Gaweł S, Wardas M, Niedworok E, Wardas P. Malondialdehyde (MDA) as a lipid peroxidation marker. Wiad Lek 2004;57:453-455.
Dikensoy E, Balat O, Pençe S, Balat A, Cekmen M, Yurekli M. Malondialdehyde, nitric oxide and adrenomedullin levels in patients with primary dysmenorrhea. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2008;34(6):1049-53. Doi: 10.1111/j.1447-0756.2008.00802.x.
AbdulRazzak KK, Obeidat BA, AlFarras MI, Dauod AS. Vitamin D and PTH status among adolescent and young females with severe dysmenorrhea. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2014;27:7882. Doi:10.1016/j.jpag.2013.07.005.
AbdulRazzak KK-2-, Ayoub NM, Abu-Taleb AA, Obeidat BA. Influence of dietary intake of dairy products on dysmenorrhea. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2010;36:377-383. Doi: 10.1111/j.14470756.2009.01159.x.
Lasco A, Catalano A, Benvenga S. Improvement of primary dysmenorrhea caused by a single oral dose of Vitamin D: Results of a randomized, doubleblind, placebocontrolled study. Arch Intern Med 2012;172:366-367. Doi: 10.1001/archinter-nmed.2011.715.
Moini A, Ebrahimi T, Shirzad N, Hosseini R, Radfar M, Bandarian F, Jafari-Adli S, Qorbani M, Hemmatabadi M. The effect of vitamin D on primary dysmenorrhea with vitamin D deficiency: a randomized double-blind controlled clinical trial. Gynecol Endocrinol 2016;32(6):502-505. Doi: 10.3109/09513590.2015.1136617. Epub 2016 May 5.
Mehrpooya M, Eshraghi A, Rabiee S, Larki-Harchegani A, Ataei S. Comparison the effect of fishoil and calcium supplementation on treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. Rev Recent Clin Trials 2017;12:148153. Doi: 10.2174/1574887112666170328125529.
Orimadegun BE, Awolude OA, Agbedana EO. Markers of lipid and protein peroxidation among Nigerian university students with dysmenorrhea. Niger J Clin Pract 2019;22(2):174-180. Doi: 10.4103/njcp.njcp_279_18.
Messinis IE, Messini CI, Dafopoulos K. Novel aspects of the endocrinology of the menstrual cycle. Reprod Biomed Online [serial on the Internet]. 2014 Jun [cited 17th Nov 2020];28(6):714-722. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rb mo.2014.02.003.
Mihm M, Gangooly S, Muttukrishna S. The normal menstrual cycle in women. Anim Reprod Sci [serial on the Internet]. 2011 Apr [cited 17th Nov 2020];124(3-4):229-236. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j. anireprosci.2010.08.030.
Foster C, Al-Zubeidi H. Menstrual irregularities. Pediatr Ann [serial on the Internet]. 2018 Jan 1;47(1):e23-8. Reviewed on Nov 17, 2020. Available from: https://doi. org/10.3928/19382359-20171219-01.
Gargett CE, Schwab KE, Deane JA. Endometrial stem/progenitor cells: the first 10 years. Hum Reprod Update 2016;22(2):137- 163. Doi: 10.1093/humupd/dmv051. Epub 2015 Nov 9.
Baerwald AR, Adams GP, Pierson RA. Ovarian antral folliculogenesis during the human menstrual cycle: a review. Hum Reprod Update [serial on the Internet]. 2012 18(1):73-91. Reviewed: nov 7, 2020. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1093/humu- pd/dmr039.
Critchley HOD, Maybin JA, Armstrong GM, Williams ARW. Physiology of the endometrium and regulation of menstruation. Physiol Rev [serial on the Internet]. 2020 Jul 1 [cited 1st Feb 2021];100(3):1149-1179. Available on: https://doi.org/10.1152/ physrev.00031.2019.
Chaireti R, Lindahl TL, Byström B, Bremme K, Larsson A. Inflammatory and endothelial markers during the menstrual cycle. Scand J Clin Lab Invest [serial on the Internet]. 2016 [cited 28th Jan 2021];76(3):190-194. Available on: https:// doi.org/10.3109/00365513.2015.1129670.
Jarrell J. The significance and evolution of menstruation. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol [serial on the Internet]. 2018 Jul [cited 28th Jan 2021];50:18-26. Available on: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpo- bgyn.2018.01.007.
Schatz F, Guzeloglu-Kayisli O, Arlier S, Kayisli UA, Lockwood CJ. The role of decidual cells in uterine hemostasis, menstruation, inflammation, adverse pregnancy outcomes and abnormal uterine bleeding. Hum Reprod Update [serial on the Internet]. 2016 Jun [cited 1st Feb 2021];22(4):497-515. Available on: https://doi.org/10.1093/hu- mupd/dmw004
Antczak A, Ciebiada M, Kharitonov SA, Gorski P, Barnes PJ. Inflammatory markers: exhaled nitric oxide and carbon monoxide during the ovarian cycle. Inflammation [serial on the Internet]. 2012 Apr [cited 31st Jan 2021];35(2):554-559. Available on: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10753- 011-9345-1.
Coussens L, Werb Z. Inflammation and cancer. Nature 2002; 420: 860–867 https:// doi.org/10.1038/nature01322.
Serhan CN, Chiang N, Van Dyke TE. Resolving inflammation: dual anti-inflammatory and pro-resolution lipid mediators. Nat Rev Immunol 2008;8(5):349-361. Doi: 10.1038/nri2294.
Harel Z. Dysmenorrhea in adolescents and young adults: etiology and management. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2006;19(6):363- 371. Doi: 10.1016/j.jpag.2006.09.001.
Ryan SA. The Treatment of Dysmenorrhea. Pediatr Clin North Am 2017;64(2):331- 342. Doi: 10.1016/j.pcl.2016.11.004.
Maybin JA, Critchley HO. Progesterone: a pivotal hormone at menstruation. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2011;1221:88-97. Doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.05953.x.
Hailemeskel S, Demissie A, Assefa N. Primary dysmenorrhea magnitude, associated risk factors, and its effect on academic performance: evidence from female university students in Ethiopia. Int J Womens Health 2016;8:489- 496. Doi: 10.2147/IJWH.S1127 68.
Bulletti C, de Ziegler D, Polli V, Diotallevi L, Del Ferro E, Flamigni C. Uterine contractility during the menstrual cycle. Hum Reprod 2000;15 Suppl 1:81-89. Doi: 10.1093/humrep/15.suppl_1.81.
Pickles VR, Hall WJ, Best FA, Smith GN. Prostaglandins in endometrium and menstrual fluid from normal and dysmenorrheoic subjects. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw 1965;72:185-192. Doi: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1965.tb01415.x.
Lundström V, Gréen K. Endogenous levels of prostaglandin F2 alpha and its main metabolites in plasma and endometrium of normal and dysmenorrheic women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1978;130(6):64064-6. Doi: 10.1016/0002-9378(78)90320-4.
Dawood MY. Dysmenorrhoea and prostaglandins: pharmacological and therapeutic considerations. Drugs 1981;22(1):42-56. Doi: 10.2165/00003495-198122010-00003.
King AE, Critchley HO. Oestrogen and progesterone regulation of inflammatory processes in the human endometrium. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2010;120(2-3):116-126. Doi: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2010.01.003. Epub 2010 Jan 11.
Barcikowska Z, Rajkowska-Labon E, Grzybowska ME, Hansdorfer-Korzon R, Zorena K. Inflammatory markers in dysmenorrhea and therapeutic options. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020;17(4):1191. Doi: 10.3390/ijerph17041191.
Demers LM, Hahn DW, McGuire JL. Newer concepts in dysmenorrheal research: leukotrienes and calcium channel blockers. In: Dawood MY, McGuire JL, Demers LM, editors. Premenstrual syndrome and dysmenorrhea. Baltimore (MD): Urban and Schwarzenberg 1985; 205.
Carraher R, Hahn DW, Ritchie DM, McGuire JL. Involvement of lipoxygenase products in myometrial contractions. Prostaglandins 1983;26(1):23-32. Doi: 10.1016/0090- 6980(83)90071-0.
Rees MC, DiMarzo V, Tippins JR, Morris HR, Turnbull AC. Leukotriene release by endometrium and myometrium throughout the menstrual cycle in dysmenorrhoea and menorrhagia. J Endocrinol 1987;113(2):291-295. Doi: 10.1677/ joe.0.1130291.
Bieglmayer C, Hofer G, Kainz C, Reinthaller A, Kopp B, Janisch H. Concentrations of various arachidonic acid metabolites in menstrual fluid are associated with menstrual pain and are influenced by hormonal contraceptives. Gynecol Endocrinol 1995;9(4):307-312. Doi: 10.3109/09513599509160464.
Nigam S, Benedetto C, Zonca M, Leo-Rossberg I, Lübbert H, Hammerstein J. Increased concentrations of eicosanoids and platelet-activating factor in menstrual blood from women with primary dysmenorrhea. Eicosanoids 1991;4(3):137-141.
Mitchell MD, Grzyboski CF. Arachidonic acid metabolism by lipoxygenase pathways in intrauterine tissues of women at term of pregnancy. Prostaglandins Leukot Med 1987;28(3):303-312. Doi: 10.1016/0262-
1746(87)90119-3.
Vander A, Sherman J, Luciano D. Human Physiology: The Mechanisms of Body Function, 13th edn. New York, USA: McGraw-Hill Companies, 1998. ISBN-13: 978-0073378305. ISBN-10: 0073378305
Funk CD. Prostaglandins and leukotrienes: advances in eicosanoid biology. Science 2001;294(5548):1871-1875. Doi: 10.1126/science.294.5548.1871.
Liedman R, Skillern L, James I, McLeod A, Grant L, Akerlund M. Validation of a test model of induced dysmenorrhea. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2006;85(4):451- 457. Doi: 10.1080/00016340500432432.
Akerlund M 3, Strömberg P, Forsling ML. Primary dysmenorrhoea and vasopressin. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1979;86(6):484-487. Doi: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1979.tb10794.x.
Valentin L, Sladkevicius P, Kindahl H, Broeders A, Marsal K, Melin P. Effects of a vasopressin antagonist in women with dysmenorrhea. Gynecol Obstet Invest 2000;50(3):170-177. Doi: 10.1159
/000010319.
Åkerlund M. Pathophysiology of Dysmenorrhea, Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 1979:58:sup87, 27-32, Doi: 10.3109/00016347909157786.
Akerlund M, Hauksson A, Lundin S, Melin P, Trojnar J. Vasotocin analogues which competitively inhibit vasopressin stimulated uterine activity in healthy women. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1986;93(1):22-27. Doi: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1986.tb07807.x.
Bossmar T, Akerlund M, Szamatowicz J, Laudanski T, Fantoni G, Maggi M. Receptor-mediated uterine effects of vasopressin and oxytocin in nonpregnant women. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1995;102(11):907-912. Doi: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1995.tb10880.x.
Akerlund M. Can primary dysmenorrhea be alleviated by a vasopressin antagonist? Results of a pilot study. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1987;66(5):459-461. Doi: 10. 3109/00016348709022055.
Bossmar T 2, Brouard R, Döberl A, Akerlund M. Effects of SR 49059, an orally active V1a vasopressin receptor antagonist, on va sopressin induced uterine contractions. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1997;104(4):471-477. Doi: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1997.tb11500.x.
Brouard R, Bossmar T, Fournié-Lloret D, Chassard D, Akerlund M. Effect of SR49059, an orally active V1a vasopressin receptor antagonist, in the prevention of dysmenorrhoea. BJOG 2000;107(5):614-619. Doi: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2000.tb13302.x.
Ma H, Hong M, Duan J, Liu P, Fan X, Shang E, Su S, Guo J, Qian D, Tang Y. Altered cytokine gene expression in peripheral blood monocytes across the menstrual cycle in primary dysmenorrhea: a case control study. PLoS One 2013;8(2):e55200. Doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055200. Epub 2013 Feb 4.
Kannan P, Cheung KK, Lau BWM. Does aerobic exercise induced-analgesia occur through hormone and inflammatory cytokine mediated mechanisms in primary dysmenorrhea? Med Hypotheses 2019; 123: 50–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2018.12.011.
Leimert KB, Verstraeten BSE, Messer A, Nemati R, Blackadar K, Fang X, Robertson SA, Chemtob S, Olson DM. Cooperative effects of sequential PGF2-α and IL -1β on IL -6 and COX-2 expression in human myometrial cells. Biol Reprod 2019;100(5):1370-1385. Doi: 10.1093/biolre/ioz029.
Ciebiera M, Włodarczyk M, Zgliczyńska M, Łukaszuk K, Męczekalski B, Kobierzycki C, Łoziński T, Jakiel G. The role of tumor necrosis factor α in the biology of uterine fibroids and the related symptoms. Int J Mol Sci 2018;19(12):3869. Doi: 10.3390/ijms19123869.
Dogru HY, Ozsoy AZ, Karakus N, Delibas IB, Isguder CK, Yigit S. Association of genetic polymorphisms in TNF and MIF gene with the risk of primary dysmenorrhea. Biochem Genet 2016;54(4):457-466. Doi: 10.1007/s10528-016-9732-2. Epub 2016Apr 22.
Hunter CA, Jones SA. IL -6 as a keystone cytokine in health and disease. Nat Immunol 2015;16(5):448-457. Doi: 10.1038/ni.3153. Erratum in: Nat Immunol 2017 Oct 18;18(11):1271.
Whitcomb BW, Mumford SL, Perkins NJ, Wactawski-Wende J, Bertone-Johnson ER, Lynch KE, Schisterman EF. Urinary cytokine and chemokine profiles across the menstrual cycle in healthy reproductive-aged women. Fertil Steril 2014;101(5):1383-1391. Doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2014.01.027. Epub 2014 Feb 26.
Angstwurm MW, Gärtner R, Ziegler- Heitbrock HW. Cyclic plasma IL -6 levels during normal menstrual cycle. Cytokine 1997; 9(5):370-374. Doi: 10.1006/cyto.1996.0178.
Yeh ML, Chen HH, So EC, Liu CF. A study of serum malondialdehyde and interleukin-6 levels in young women with dysmenorrhea in Taiwan. Life Sci 2004;75(6):669-673. Doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2003.11.034.
Konecna L, Yan MS, Miller LE, Schölmerich J, Falk W, Straub RH. Modulation of IL -6 production during the menstrual cycle in vivo and in vitro. Brain Behav Immun 2000;14(1):49-61. Doi: 10.1006/brbi. 1999.0570.
Rosalki, S. Creactive protein. Int J Clin Pract 2001; 55:269–270.
Lorenz TK, Worthman CM, Vitzthum VJ. Links among inflammation, sexual activity and ovulation: Evolutionary trade-offs and clinical implications. Evol Med Public Health 2015;2015(1):304-324. Doi: 10.1093/emph/eov029.
Sproston NR, Ashworth JJ. Role of Creactive protein at sites of inflammation and infection. Front Immunol 2018;9:754. Doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00754.
Gaskins AJ, Wilchesky M, Mumford SL, Whitcomb BW, Browne RW, Wactawski-Wende J, Perkins NJ, Schisterman EF. Endogenous reproductive hormones and Creactive protein across the menstrual cycle: the BioCycle Study. Am J Epidemiol 2012;175(5):423-431. Doi: 10.1093/aje/kwr343. Epub 2012 Feb 3.
Wander K, Brindle E, O’Connor KA. Creactive protein across the menstrual cycle. Am J Phys Anthropol 2008;136(2):138- 146. Doi: 10.1002/ajpa.20785.
Puder JJ, Blum CA, Mueller B, De Geyter Ch, Dye L, Keller U. Menstrual cycle symptoms are associated with changes in low-grade inflammation. Eur J Clin Invest 2006;36(1):58-64. Doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2006.01591.x.
Zhang F, Liu XL, Wang W, Dong HL, Xia YF, Ruan LP, Liu LP. Expression of MMIF, HIF-1α and VEGF in serum and endometrial tissues of patients with endometriosis. Curr Med Sci 2018;38(3):499-504. Doi: 10.1007/s11596-018-1906-1. Epub 2018 Jun 22.
Xu H, Zhang T, Man GC, May KE, Becker CM, Davis TN, Kung AL, Birsner AE, D’Amato RJ, Wong AW, Wang CC. Vascular endothelial growth factor C is increased in endometrium and promotes endothelial functions, vascular permeability and angiogenesis and growth of endometriosis. Angiogenesis 2013;16(3):541-551. Doi: 10.1007/s10456-013-9333-1. Epub 2013 Jan 19.
Ferrara N, Gerber HP, LeCouter J. The biology of VEGF and its receptors. Nat Med 2003;9(6):669-76. Doi: 10.1038/nm0603-669.
Reynolds, L.P.; Grazul-Bilska, A.T.; Redmer, D.A. Angiogenesis in the female reproductive system. Int J Exp Pathol 2002; 83(4): 151–163. Doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2613.2002.00277.x
Siekmeier R, Grammer T, März W. Roles of oxidants, nitric oxide, and asymmetric dimethylarginine in endothelial function. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther. 2008;13(4):279- 297. Doi: 10.1177/1074248408326488.
Epub 2008 Oct 22.
Kielstein JT, Böger RH, Bode-Böger SM, Schäffer J, Barbey M, Koch KM, Frölich JC. Asymmetric dimethylarginine plasma concentrations differ in patients with end stage renal disease: relationship to treatment method and atherosclerotic disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 1999;10(3):594-600.
Kielstein JT, Böger RH, Bode-Böger SM, Frölich JC, Haller H, Ritz E, Fliser D. Marked increase of asymmetric dimethylar ginine in patients with incipient primary chronic renal disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2002;13(1):170-176.
Kielstein JT, Bode-Boger SM, Hesse G, Martens-Lobenhoffer J, Takacs A, Fliser D, Hoeper M. Asymmetric dimethylarginine in idiopathic pulmonary hypertension. Atheroscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2005; 25: 1–5.
https://doi.org/10.1161/01. ATV.0000168414.06853.f0
Kielstein JT, Donnerstag F, Gasper S, Menne J, Kielstein A, Martens-Lobenhoffer J, Scalera F, Cooke JP, Fliser D, Bode-Böger SM. ADMA increases arterial stiffness and decreases cerebral blood flow in humans. Stroke 2006;37(8):2024-2029. Doi: 10.1161/01.STR.0000231640.32543.11.
Epub 2006 Jun 29.
Scalera F, Kielstein JT, Martens-Loben-hoffer J, Postel SC, Täger M, Bode-Böger SM. Erythropoietin increases asymmetric dimethylarginine in endothelial cells: role of dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005;16(4):892- 898. Doi: 10.1681/ASN.2004090735. Epub 2005 Feb 23.
Cameron IT, Campbell S. Nitric oxide in the endometrium. Hum Reprod Update 1998;4(5):565-569. Doi: 10.1093/humupd/4.5.565.
Chwalisz K, Garfield RE. Role of nitric oxide in implantation and menstruation. Hum Reprod 2000;15 Suppl 3:96-111. Doi: 10.1093/humrep/15.suppl_3.96.
Akdemir N, Cinemre H, Bilir C, Akin O, Akdemir R. Increased serum asymmetric dimethylarginine levels in primary dysmenorrhea. Gynecol Obstet Invest 2010;69(3):153- 156. Doi: 10.1159/000264671. Epub 2009
Dec 9.
Moya RA, Moisa CF, Morales F, Wynter H, Ali A, Narancio E. Transdermal glyceryl trinitrate in the management of primary dysmenorrhea. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2000;69(2):113-118. Doi: 10.1016/s0020-7292(00)00185-5.
Transdermal nitroglycerine in the management of pain associated with primary dysmenorrhoea: a multinational pilot study. The Transdermal Nitroglyce- rine/Dysmenorrhoea Study Group. J Int Med Res 1997;25(1):41-44. Doi: 10.1177/ 030006059702500106.
Facchinetti F, Sgarbi L, Piccinini F, Volpe A. A comparison of glyceryl trinitrate with diclofenac for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea: an open, randomized, crossover trial. Gynecol Endocrinol 2002;16(1):39-43.
Galley HF, Coomansingh D, Webster NR, Brunt PW. Nitric oxide synthase activity is increased in relation to the severity of liver dysfunction. Clin Sci (Lond) 1998;95(3):355-359.
Lloyd-Jones DM, Bloch KD. The vascular biology of nitric oxide and its role in athe-rogenesis. Annu Rev Med 1996;47:365-75. Doi: 10.1146/annurev.med.47.1.365.
Waltz P, Escobar D, Botero AM, Zuckerbraun BS. Nitrate/Nitrite as critical mediators to limit oxidative injury and inflammation. Antioxid Redox Signal 2015;23(4):328-339. Doi: 10.1089/ars.2015.6256.
Sun MF, Huang HC, Lin SC, Chang LP, Liu CF. Evaluation of nitric oxide and homocysteine levels in primary dysmenorrheal women in Taiwan. Life Sci 2005;76(17):2005- 2009. Doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2004.09.030. Epub
2005 Jan 13.
Gaweł S 2, Wardas M, Niedworok E, Wardas P. Dialdehyd malonowy (MDA) jako wskaźnik procesów peroksydacji lipidów w organizmie [Malondialdehyde (MDA) as a lipid peroxidation marker]. Wiad Lek 004;57(9-10):453-455. Polish. PMID:15765761.
Yeh ML, Chen HH, So EC, Liu CF. A study of serum malondialdehyde and interleukin-6 levels in young women with dysmenorrhea in Taiwan. Life Sci 2004;75(6):669-673. Doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2003.11.034.
Dikensoy E, Balat O, Pençe S, Balat A, Cekmen M, Yurekli M. Malondialdehyde, nitric oxide and adrenomedullin levels in patients with primary dysmenorrhea. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2008;34(6):1049-1053. Doi: 10.1111/j.1447-0756.2008.00802.x.
Otterbein LE, Mantell LL, Choi AM. Carbon monoxide provides protection against hyperoxic lung injury. Am J Physiol 1999 276(4):L6886-94. Doi: 10.1152/ajp lung.1999.276.4.L688.
Aksoy AN, Laloglu E, Ozkaya AL, Yilmaz EP. Serum heme oxygenase-1 levels in patients with primary dysmenorrhea. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2017;295(4):929-934. Doi: 10.1007/ s00404-017-4312-1. Epub 2017 Feb 25.
Ryter SW, Tyrrell RM. The heme synthesis and degradation pathways: role in oxidant sensitivity. Heme oxygenase has both pro and antioxidant properties. Free Radic Biol Med 2000;28(2):289-309. Doi: 10.1016/ s0891-5849(99)00223-3.
Wagener FA, Volk HD, Willis D, Abraham NG, Soares MP, Adema GJ, Figdor CG. Different faces of the heme-heme oxygenase system in inflammation. Pharmacol Rev 2003;55(3):551-571. Doi: 10.1124/pr.55.3.5. Epub 2003 Jul 17.
Tanaka S, Akaike T, Fang J, Beppu T, Ogawa M, Tamura F, Miyamoto Y, Maeda H. Antiapoptotic effect of haem oxygenase-1 induced by nitric oxide in experimental solid tumour. Br J Cancer 2003;88(6):902- 909. Doi: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6600830.
Soares MP, Marguti I, Cunha A, Larsen R. Immunoregulatory effects of HO-1: how does it work? Curr Opin Pharmacol 2009;9(4):482-489. Doi: 10.1016/j. coph.2009.05.008. Epub 2009 Jul 6.
Yeo WS, Lee SJ, Lee JR, Kim KP. Nitrosative protein tyrosine modifications: biochemistry and functional significance. BMB Rep 2008;41(3):194-203. Doi: 10.5483/bm brep.2008.41.3.194.
Publicado
2021-11-29
Cómo citar
Núñez Troconis, J., Carvallo, D., & Martínez-Núñez, E. (2021). Primary Dysmenorrhea: pathophysiology.: Dismenorrea Primaria: fisiopatología. Investigación Clínica, 62(4), 378-406. https://doi.org/10.22209/IC.v62n4a08
Sección
Revisiones
