Instituto de Estudios Políticos y Derecho Público "Dr. Humberto J. La Roche"
de la Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Políticas de la Universidad del Zulia
Maracaibo, Venezuela
Esta publicación cientíca en formato digital es continuidad de la revista impresa
ISSN-Versión Impresa 0798-1406 / ISSN-Versión on line 2542-3185Depósito legal pp
197402ZU34
ppi 201502ZU4645
Vol.41 N° 79
Octubre
Diciembre
2023
Recibido el 12/05/23 Aceptado el 28/07/23
ISSN 0798-1406 ~ Depósito legal pp 198502ZU132
Cues tio nes Po lí ti cas
La re vis ta Cues tio nes Po lí ti cas, es una pu bli ca ción aus pi cia da por el Ins ti tu to
de Es tu dios Po lí ti cos y De re cho Pú bli co “Dr. Hum ber to J. La Ro che” (IEPDP) de la Fa-
cul tad de Cien cias Ju rí di cas y Po lí ti cas de la Uni ver si dad del Zu lia.
En tre sus ob je ti vos fi gu ran: con tri buir con el pro gre so cien tí fi co de las Cien cias
Hu ma nas y So cia les, a tra vés de la di vul ga ción de los re sul ta dos lo gra dos por sus in ves-
ti ga do res; es ti mu lar la in ves ti ga ción en es tas áreas del sa ber; y pro pi ciar la pre sen ta-
ción, dis cu sión ycon fron ta cióndelasideas y avan ces cien tí fi coscon com pro mi soso cial.
Cues tio nes Po lí ti cas apa re ce dos ve ces al año y pu bli ca tra ba jos ori gi na les con
avan ces o re sul ta dos de in ves ti ga ción en las áreas de Cien cia Po lí ti ca y De re cho Pú bli-
co, los cua les son so me ti dos a la con si de ra ción de ár bi tros ca li fi ca dos.
ESTA PU BLI CA CIÓN APA RE CE RE SE ÑA DA, EN TRE OTROS ÍN DI CES, EN
:
Re vicyhLUZ, In ter na tio nal Po li ti cal Scien ce Abs tracts, Re vis ta In ter ame ri ca na de
Bi blio gra fía, en el Cen tro La ti no ame ri ca no para el De sa rrol lo (CLAD), en Bi blio-
gra fía So cio Eco nó mi ca de Ve ne zue la de RE DIN SE, In ter na tio nal Bi blio graphy of
Po li ti cal Scien ce, Re vencyt, His pa nic Ame ri can Pe rio di cals In dex/HAPI), Ul ri ch’s
Pe rio di cals Di rec tory, EBS CO. Se en cuen tra acre di ta da al Re gis tro de Pu bli ca cio-
nes Cien tí fi cas y Tec no ló gi cas Ve ne zo la nas del FO NA CIT, La tin dex.
Di rec to ra
L
OIRALITH
M. C
HIRINOS
P
ORTILLO
Co mi té Edi tor
Eduviges Morales Villalobos
Fabiola Tavares Duarte
Ma ría Eu ge nia Soto Hernández
Nila Leal González
Carmen Pérez Baralt
Co mi té Ase sor
Pedro Bracho Grand
J. M. Del ga do Ocan do
José Ce rra da
Ri car do Com bel las
An gel Lom bar di
Die ter Nohlen
Al fre do Ra mos Ji mé nez
Go ran Ther born
Frie drich Welsch
Asis ten tes Ad mi nis tra ti vos
Joan López Urdaneta y Nilda Marín
Re vis ta Cues tio nes Po lí ti cas. Av. Gua ji ra. Uni ver si dad del Zu lia. Nú cleo Hu ma nís ti co. Fa-
cul tad de Cien cias Ju rí di cas y Po lí ti cas. Ins ti tu to de Es tu dios Po lí ti cos y De re cho Pú bli co
“Dr. Hum ber to J. La Ro che”. Ma ra cai bo, Ve ne zue la. E- mail: cues tio nes po li ti cas@gmail.
com ~ loi chi ri nos por til lo@gmail.com. Te le fax: 58- 0261- 4127018.
Vol. 41, Nº 79 (2023), 331-343
IEPDP-Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Políticas - LUZ
Criminal liability for
establishing or spreading criminal
inuence in the context of armed
aggression against Ukraine
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.4179.22
Mykhailo Akimov *
Alona Chugaievska **
Yuliia Alieksieieva-Danylenko ***
Anna Semeniuk-Prybaten ****
Olha Lytvynenko *****
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze the criminal legal system
to establish criminal inuence during the armed aggression
against Ukraine. Since the beginning of Russia’s armed aggression
in Ukraine, the number of war crimes committed by the Russian
military has increased. Investigating criminal inuence during the war
is a completely new area of work for law enforcement. General methods
of scientic investigation and special methods of legal investigation were
used. The author examines the types of criminal inuence in the context of
Russian aggression against Ukraine according to the Rome Statute and the
Criminal Code of Ukraine. Common criminal oenses in 2021 and 2022
are identied. The low eectiveness of the judiciary in holding perpetrators
of criminal inuence criminally accountable is determined. It is concluded
that the amendment of criminal legislation by shortening the terms of
investigation and abbreviated procedure of prosecution of minor criminal
*Ph.D., in Law, Associate Professor, Criminal Law Department, National Academy of Internal Aairs,
1, Solomianska square, Kyiv, Ukraine, 03035. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7715-0259.
Email: mykhailo.akimov@gmail.com
** PhD., Associate Professor of the Public and International Law Department, Institute of law, Kyiv
National Economic University named after Vadym Hetman, Yurii Illenko st. 81, Kyiv, Ukraine. ORCID
ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5522-2693. Email: a.chugaievska@gmail.com
*** Postgraduate, Kharkiv National University of Internal Aairs, Prospect Lew Landau, 27, Kharkiv,
Ukraine, 61000. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6338-7869. Email: yulya.alekseeva.2015@
gmail.com
**** Ph.D., in Law, Associate Professor, Department of Criminal Law and Procedure, Faculty of Law,
Khmelnytskyi University of Management and Law named after Leonid Yuzkov, St. Heroiv Maidan,
8, Khmelnytskyi, Ukraine, 29013. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0520-5083. Email:
semanya31@ukr.net
***** Ph.D. in specialty 081 «Law», Senior Lecturer, Department of Organization of Pretrial Investigation,
Faculty No. 1 of the Kryvyi Rih Educational and Scientic Institute of the Donetsk State University
of Internal Aairs, str. Great Perspective, 1, Kropyvnytskyi, Ukraine, 25000. Email: https://orcid.
org/0000-0003-4218-2191. babenko.olga11@gmail.com
332
Mykhailo Akimov, Alona Chugaievska, Yuliia Alieksieieva-Danylenko, Anna Semeniuk-
Prybaten y Olha Lytvynenko
Criminal liability for establishing or spreading criminal inuence in the context of armed
aggression against Ukraine
oenses will ensure their prompt investigation and prosecution, which, in
turn, will relieve the investigative bodies and the judiciary from the burden
of dealing with serious and particularly serious criminal oenses.
Keywords: large-scale warfare; criminal liability legislation; Russian
crimes against Ukraine; military law; international criminal
law.
Responsabilidad penal por establecer o difundir
una inuencia criminal en el contexto de una agresión
armada contra Ucrania
Resumen
El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar el sistema jurídico penal para
establecer la inuencia criminal durante la agresión armada contra
Ucrania. Desde el comienzo de la agresión armada de Rusia en Ucrania, ha
aumentado el número de crímenes de guerra cometidos por los militares
rusos. Investigar la inuencia criminal durante la guerra es un área de
trabajo completamente nueva para las fuerzas del orden. Se utilizaron
métodos generales de investigación cientíca y métodos especiales de
investigación jurídica. El autor examina los tipos de inuencia criminal en
el contexto de la agresión rusa contra Ucrania según el Estatuto de Roma
y el Código Penal de Ucrania. Se identican los delitos penales comunes
en 2021 y 2022. Se determina la escasa ecacia del poder judicial a la hora
de exigir responsabilidades penales a los autores de inuencia criminal. Se
concluye que la modicación de la legislación penal mediante la reducción
de los plazos de instrucción y el procedimiento abreviado de enjuiciamiento
de los delitos penales menores, garantizará su pronta instrucción y
enjuiciamiento, lo que a su vez aliviará a los órganos de instrucción y al
poder judicial de la carga que supone ocuparse de los delitos penales graves
y especialmente graves.
Palabras clave: guerra a gran escala; legislación sobre responsabilidad
penal; crímenes de Rusia contra Ucrania; derecho
militar; derecho penal internacional.
Introduction
The full-scale military invasion of the territory of Ukraine by the
Russian Federation has led to the development of new draft laws in the
333
CUESTIONES POLÍTICAS
Vol. 41 Nº 79 (2023): 331-343
area of dening additional types of criminal liability. This, in turn, regulates
the spread of criminal inuence in the context of armed aggression against
Ukraine, which is a threat and unacceptable. On February 24, 2022, in
accordance with the Law of Ukraine “On the Legal Regime of Martial Law”
(Law of Ukraine, 2015), Ukraine introduced martial law.
This law denes the content of the legal regime of martial law, the
procedure for its introduction and cancellation, legal measures of activity
of public authorities, military command, military administrations, local
self-government bodies, enterprises, institutions, and organizations under
martial law, guarantees of human and civil rights and freedoms and the
rights and legitimate interests of legal entities (Hatseliuk, 2021).
• Research Problem
The criminal inuence in the context of Ukraine’s armed aggression
is the commission of war crimes, genocide, and crimes against humanity.
As of the end of October 2022, the National Police had opened more than
39409 criminal proceedings related to crimes committed by the Russian
military and collaborators on Ukrainian territory (Almost 40 thousand
..., 2022). In the eight months since the full-scale invasion of Ukraine by
Russian aggression, the police have registered 212,000 crimes, of which
almost 40,000 are war crimes committed by the Russian occupation and
terrorist forces (Almost 40 thousand ..., 2022). In order to maintain law
and order and prevent illegal actions during the Russian armed aggression,
it is necessary to analyze the norms of criminal liability.
• Research Focus
The notion of establishing or spreading criminal inuence was added
to the Law of Ukraine “On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of
Ukraine on Liability for Crimes Committed by a Criminal Community”
(Article 255) on June 04, 2020 (Law of Ukraine, 2020). At the 52nd session
of the Human Rights Council, the Independent International Commission
of Inquiry on Violations in Ukraine published the results of the criminal
impact of Russian aggression (The report of the independent, 2023).
It shows that during the full-scale war, Russian troops violated
international human rights law and international humanitarian law in many
regions of Ukraine. For the most part, these violations can be classied as
war crimes (in particular, intentional killings, attacks on civilians, unlawful
deprivation of liberty, torture, sexual violence, and forced relocation of
adults and children). However, the commission of armed inuence under
the direction of a military commander or the government does not exempt
the perpetrator from criminal liability if he or she knowingly carried out the
order. It is the analysis of criminal law and regulations that is of scientic
interest in this article.
334
Mykhailo Akimov, Alona Chugaievska, Yuliia Alieksieieva-Danylenko, Anna Semeniuk-
Prybaten y Olha Lytvynenko
Criminal liability for establishing or spreading criminal inuence in the context of armed
aggression against Ukraine
• Research Aim and Research Questions
The purpose of the study is to carry out a systematic analysis of the
criminal law system for establishing and spreading criminal inuence
during the armed aggression against Ukraine. The realization of this goal
involves the following tasks:
1) to dene the concept of “criminal inuence”;
2) to classify the types of criminal inuence in the context of Russian
aggression against Ukraine;
3) to identify frequent criminal oenses in 2021-2022;
4) to analyze court verdicts on the criminal prosecution of persons who
have committed criminal inuence against Ukraine.
1. Literature review
Military law is the main part of the legal regime during martial law in
Ukraine (Gorinov et al., 2022). Scholars have identied theoretical and
practical problems in the study of the phenomenon of military law in
Ukraine from the beginning of the war in Donbas to the full-scale invasion.
Kaplina (2022) analyzed war crime in terms of criminal liability and
the exchange of prisoners of war. She also revealed the issues of Ukrainian
legislation during a full-scale war; proved the need to develop special legal
norms during martial law.
Shevchenko (2022) analyzed Article 2551 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine.
The author reveals the denition of the concepts of “establishment” and
“dissemination” in the context of criminal inuence.
Hajdin (2022) noted that criminal inuence and punishment in
international criminal law is determined through the material (actus reus)
and mental (mens rea) components. The author concluded that only if
there is a reasonable evidence base indicating the voluntary participation
of a person in the planning, preparation, and implementation of criminal
inuence with the use of armed force, such a person can be recognized as
an oender and prosecuted.
In the context of Russia’s armed aggression against Ukraine, the
protection of the rights, freedoms, and interests of citizens is a pressing
issue. This issue was considered by N. Melnychenko (2021), who
emphasized the need to update the legal framework in the eld of lawsuits.
An important task in criminal proceedings during a full-scale war is the
prompt processing of civil claims.
335
CUESTIONES POLÍTICAS
Vol. 41 Nº 79 (2023): 331-343
Balobanova (2022) studied the dynamics of criminal law development.
According to the author, during the full-scale war, 13 laws were adopted to
regulate criminal liability. Balobanova (2022) briey listed the legislative
framework on criminal liability and identied the main changes.
Logvinenko (2019) analyzed the main provisions of criminal liability for
war crimes in international law. The author emphasized that in Ukrainian
legislation, the Criminal Code usually lists the elements of a crime and
determines the type and extent of punishment in each case. The norms
of international law dene the criminality of certain acts, rst of all, what
constitutes a crime, but often do not have clear explanations of the type and
extent of punishment.
Rohatynska (2022) analyzed the specics of the distinction between
the concepts of “war crime”. Baladyha (2022) analyzed the complexity of
investigating war crimes committed by Russia against Ukraine. The author
cited the signs of war crimes under Ukrainian and international law. He also
studied the statistics of war crimes committed on the territory of Ukraine
during the six months of the full-scale war. He analyzed the Ukrainian
legislation on liability for war crimes.
2. Research Methodology
The scientic material for this article was selected using the ranking
method. This method helped to prioritize the material (legislative acts
of Ukraine, statistical data) and less important material (works of other
scholars). The study used analysis and synthesis (when processing the
latest publications on the research topic). The concept of “criminal
inuence” was dened using the logical and semantic method, and the
international response to Russia’s crimes against Ukraine was analyzed.
Specic sociological methods were used (in particular, analysis of ocial
documents and statistical data collection and study).
The method of grouping was used to identify groups of establishing or
spreading criminal inuence. The systemic analysis led to the identication
of changes in criminal liability in legal documents. The discussion method
was also used to compare the author’s own research with the results of
other scholars, and the graphical method was used to present the statistical
data of the study.
Sample / Participants / Group
The theoretical basis of the study is the scientic work of Ukrainian and
foreign scholars. The factual material that forms the basis of this study is
based on legal documents and publications from ocial statistical websites
336
Mykhailo Akimov, Alona Chugaievska, Yuliia Alieksieieva-Danylenko, Anna Semeniuk-
Prybaten y Olha Lytvynenko
Criminal liability for establishing or spreading criminal inuence in the context of armed
aggression against Ukraine
on the establishment and spread of criminal inuence. The empirical part
of the study is based on court verdicts on war crimes of Russian aggression
against Ukraine.
Instrument and Procedures
The search for scientic publications on the research topic was
conducted using the following keywords: full-scale war, spread of criminal
inuence, establishment of criminal inuence, legislation on criminal
liability, Russia’s crimes against Ukraine, military law, court verdicts on
establishing criminal liability for criminal inuence in the context of war,
criminal misconduct, countering Russia’s crimes, protection of human
rights and freedoms.
Data Analysis
The presentation of statistical observation data on the establishment
and spread of criminal inuence in the context of armed aggression against
Ukraine is presented in a graphic material created using the built-in tools
of MS Word.
Research Results
According to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court
(Article 8bis(1)), there are four stages of the crime of aggression: 1)
planning; 2) preparation; 3) initiation; 4) execution (Rome Statute of the
International ..., 1998). The Criminal Code of Ukraine (Articles 255, 2551,
2553) denes “criminal inuence”; the establishment or spread of criminal
inuence; request for the use of criminal inuence, but these articles
regulate criminal inuence in the area of distribution of funds, property
or other assets (income from them). At present, the current legislation
of Ukraine does not have a clear denition of “criminal inuence” in the
context of armed aggression against Ukraine. Therefore, we will try to
dene the meaning of this concept on our own.
A criminal inuence is an inuence that is criminal in nature. Accordingly,
the person who commits the act is criminal and is found to have a direct
eect on a specic person (e.g., causing bodily harm); an object (e.g.,
stealing property); a person and an object (e.g., robbery or assault). This
denition applies to war crimes and crimes against humanity. Or “criminal
inuence” - inuence during which a crime is committed against the state
and society.
In the context of a full-scale war, the following types of criminal inuence
are distinguished: a crime of aggression, a war crime, and a crime against
humanity. The crime of aggression is Russia’s armed attack on Ukraine and
is an international crime against peace and security. Russia was the rst to
337
CUESTIONES POLÍTICAS
Vol. 41 Nº 79 (2023): 331-343
take the initiative and use weapons, which is called aggression against the
sovereignty, territorial integrity, and political independence of Ukraine.
War crimes are a deliberate violation of the current legislation and rules
of war, which makes the perpetrators (military personnel and those who
give them orders) criminally liable, which is imposed by a decision of the
judicial authorities (Articles 115, 127 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, etc.).
Crimes against humanity are crimes committed deliberately and violating
the safety of citizens (Art. 115, Part 1, Art. 127, 152, Part 1, Art. 438).
The war has led to the massive departure of millions of Ukrainian citizens
from their permanent places of residence where military operations are
taking place to other regions or abroad, they left their homes, property, and
vehicles often unattended, which has led to the commission of many criminal
oenses, including criminal misdemeanors: violation of the inviolability
of private housing (part 1, Article 183 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine),
theft (Article 185, part 1, of the Criminal Code of Ukraine), fraud (Article
190, part 1, of the Criminal Code of Ukraine), causing property damage by
deception or breach of trust (Article 192 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine),
misappropriation of found or stolen property that accidentally came into a
person’s possession (Article 193 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine), evasion
of conscription for regular military service, military service by conscription
of ocers (Article 335 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine), evasion of
military registration or special training (Article 337 of the Criminal Code
of Ukraine), arbitrariness (Article 356 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine),
unauthorized assignment of authority or rank of an ocial (Article 353,
part 1, of the Criminal Code of Ukraine), etc. Table 1 shows the number of
people convicted of criminal oenses:
Table 1. Comparative numbers of people convicted of criminal
oenses in 2021 and 2022.
Type of crime 2021 2022
violation of the inviolability of private housing (part 1 of
Article 183 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine) 02
theft (part 1 of Article 185 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine) 24 629 15 505
fraud (part 1 of Article 190 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine) 1 698 1 247
Causing property damage by deception or breach of trust
(Article 192 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine) 2 2
Misappropriation of found or stolen property that
accidentally came into a person’s possession (Article 193 of
the Criminal Code of Ukraine) 1 0
338
Mykhailo Akimov, Alona Chugaievska, Yuliia Alieksieieva-Danylenko, Anna Semeniuk-
Prybaten y Olha Lytvynenko
Criminal liability for establishing or spreading criminal inuence in the context of armed
aggression against Ukraine
Evasion of conscription for regular military service, military
service by conscription of ocers (Article 335 of the Criminal
Code of Ukraine) 152 112
Evasion of military registration or special training (Article
337 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine) 34 12
Arbitrariness (Article 356 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine) 5 9
Unauthorized appropriation of authority or the title of an
ocial (part 1 of Article 353 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine) 0 1
Source: developed by the authors’ based on (Supreme Court, 2022).
In the context of Ukraine’s armed aggression, approximately 44,000
crimes against Ukraine were recorded (Ukrainian Helsinki Human Rights
Union, 2022). Figure 1 shows the ratio of the most common criminal
outcome during a full-scale war.
Figure 1. Numerical indicators of crimes committed during a full-scale war
Source: developed by the authors’ based on data from the Ukrainian Helsinki Human
Rights Union, 2022.
This data is not exhaustive, as it shows statistics from February 24,
2022, to January 24, 2023.
Currently, there is a problem with investigating war crimes and
bringing perpetrators to justice. Ukrainian legislation needs to be updated
to dene and investigate war crimes. Currently, these issues are regulated
by international documents, including the Geneva Conventions and their
protocols and the Rome Statute. As of January 30, 2023, a control test of
the updated Criminal Code of Ukraine was conducted (Control text of the
project, 2023).
Yuriy Belousov, Head of the Department for Combating Crimes
Committed in the Context of Armed Conict of the Prosecutor General’s
339
CUESTIONES POLÍTICAS
Vol. 41 Nº 79 (2023): 331-343
Oce, said: “As of March 14, 71,147 war crimes committed by Russians
during the year since the beginning of the full-scale invasion were registered
in Ukraine... As of today, there are 29 verdicts of Ukrainian national courts
on war crimes” (Prosecutor General’s Oce, 2023).
Investigating war crimes is a completely new eld for law enforcement,
as the vast majority of personnel have never investigated such crimes, so
it is important to quickly adapt to modern realities and eectively conduct
investigations of such crimes. In the future, the materials obtained by law
enforcement agencies can also be used in national and international courts
to bring senior ocials of the Russian Federation to justice for crimes.
3. Discussion
Part 1 of the note to Article 255 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine denes
“criminal inuence” as follows: “any actions of a person who, due to
authority, other personal qualities or capabilities, promotes, encourages,
coordinates or otherwise inuences criminal activity, organizes or directly
carries out the distribution of funds, property or other assets (income from
them) aimed at ensuring such activity”. However, in the context of the
armed aggression against Ukraine, this concept needs to be supplemented
and claried. The author’s denition of “criminal inuence” is given in the
results.
A similar position is supported by Nikitin (2020). Rohatynska (2022)
also provided a similar denition of “criminal inuence”, which means any
actions (usually conscious) that violate the law, the rules established by
society, the rules of engagement reected in international legal acts. The issue
of legal nihilism was considered by Rezvorovych (2022), who understood
it as a deformed state of legal consciousness of an individual, group, or
society characterized by a deliberate disregard for the requirements of the
law, its value, disregard for legal principles and traditions, and excluding
criminal inuence.
In addition to the criminal oenses dened in this one, N. Rohatynska
(2022) added looting (Article 432 of the CCU); violence against the
population in the area of hostilities (Article 433 of the CCU); ill-treatment
of prisoners of war (Article 434 of the CCU); illegal use and abuse of the
symbols of the Red Cross, Red Crescent, Red Crystal (Article 435 of the
CCU).
Table 1 shows frequent criminal oenses in 2021 and 2022, but this list
is not exhaustive. Khavroniuk (2022) considered a criminal liability for
collaborationism (Article 111-1 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine). O. Dudorov
et al (2022) analyzed criminal liability for disseminating information in
340
Mykhailo Akimov, Alona Chugaievska, Yuliia Alieksieieva-Danylenko, Anna Semeniuk-
Prybaten y Olha Lytvynenko
Criminal liability for establishing or spreading criminal inuence in the context of armed
aggression against Ukraine
wartime (Article 114-2 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine). In this context, an
important issue is a cybersecurity and the eective functioning of cyber law
(Gushchyn et al., 2022).
There is no analysis of court verdicts on criminal prosecution for criminal
inuence. The author’s position on the problematic nature of investigating
criminal inuence on the territory of Ukraine and bringing individuals to
criminal liability for their commission is supported by Baladyha (2022).
The European community supports Ukraine during a full-scale war in
accordance with the principle of subsidiarity (Kumar, 2021).
Conclusions
The authors examine the specics of criminal inuence in the context
of Russia’s armed aggression against Ukraine. The analysis of current
legislation has shown that the current denition of this concept is not
fully applicable in the context of a full-scale war. The current denition
in Ukrainian legislation refers to the distribution of funds and property.
Therefore, the author’s own denition of the concept of “criminal inuence”
was developed with clarications and additions. The author also presents
opinions on the denition of this concept by other scholars.
The authors analyze the types of criminal inuence under international
documents: war crimes and crimes against humanity. The authors provide
a list of articles of the Criminal Code of Ukraine under which criminal
oenses were often committed in 2021 and 2022 and the total number
of convicted persons. The authors’ results are also supplemented by a
discussion of other articles of the Criminal Code of Ukraine conducted by
other scholars. Based on the statistics, the total number of war crimes and
crimes against humanity was calculated and a chart was created.
The readiness of the judiciary to investigate war crimes was studied. It
was found that these institutions need additional professional training in
the rapid disclosure of such crimes. Prospects for further research are to
develop recommendations for amending and updating the Criminal Code
of Ukraine in accordance with the experience of the European Union.
Referencias Bibliográcas
LAW OF UKRAINE. 2015. On the Legal Regime of Martial Law. 2015. No. 389-
VIII. Information of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. No. 28. Art. 250.
HATSELIUK, Vitaliy. 2021. Criminalization of socially dangerous acts during
the action of the Criminal Code of Ukraine of 2001: monograph. Kyiv,
Ukraine.
341
CUESTIONES POLÍTICAS
Vol. 41 Nº 79 (2023): 331-343
ALMOST 40 THOUSAND: THE MINISTRY OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS
ANNOUNCED THE NUMBER OF PROCEEDINGS ON WAR CRIMES
OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION. 2022. Available online. In: https://
suspilne.media/302056-majze-40-tisac-u-mvs-nazvali-kilkist-
provadzen-sodo-voennih-zlociniv-rf/. Consultation date: 13/04/2023.
ROME STATUTE OF THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT
INTERNATIONAL COURTS. 1998. Available online. In: https://
zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/995_588#Text. Consultation date:
13/04/2022.
KAPLINA, Oksana. 2022. “Prisoner of war: special status in the criminal
proceedings of Ukraine and the right to exchange” In: Access to Justice
in Eastern Europe. Vol. 4-2, No. 17, pp. 8-24.
LAW OF UKRAINE. 2020. On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of
Ukraine Concerning Liability for Crimes Committed by a Criminal
Community dated June 04, 2020 No. 671-IX. Information of the
Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. No. 42. Art. 343. Available online. In:
https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/671-20#Text. Consultation date:
13/04/2023.
THE REPORT OF THE INDEPENDENT INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION
OF INQUIRY OF VIOLATIONS IN UKRAINE. 2023. Available online.
In: https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/les/documents/hrbodies/
hrcouncil/coiukraine/A_HRC_52_62_UA.pdf. Consultation date:
13/04/2022.
SHEVCHENKO, T. 2022. “To the question of installation or spreading criminal
inuence under Article 255-1 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine” In:
Analytical and Comparative Jurisprudence. No. 6, pp. 302-306.
MELNYCHENKO, Nataliia. 2021. “Claim and its modern modications:
denitions of the future” In: Futurity Economics & Law. Vol. 1, No. 1,
4-11.
GORINOV, Pavlo; MERENIUK, Khrystyna. 2022. “Military law in Ukraine:
future prospects for development” In: Futurity Economics & Law. Vol.
2, No. 3, 18-27.
BALOBANOVA, D. 2022. Time component of the dynamics of the Criminal
Law of Ukraine in the context of armed aggression. Materials of the of
the International scientic and practical conference. Lviv, Ukraine.
LOGVINENKO, Evgenia. 2019. Responsibility for war crimes in international
criminal law. Collection of abstracts at the International Scientic and
Practical Conference dedicated to the 25th anniversary of the University.
Kharkiv, Ukraine.
342
Mykhailo Akimov, Alona Chugaievska, Yuliia Alieksieieva-Danylenko, Anna Semeniuk-
Prybaten y Olha Lytvynenko
Criminal liability for establishing or spreading criminal inuence in the context of armed
aggression against Ukraine
ROHATYNSKA, N. 2022. Peculiarities of distinguishing between the concepts
of “military” and “war” crimes. Scientic events of the Law Faculty of the
Western Ukrainian National University. Ternopil, Ukraine.
BALADYHA, Serhiy. 2022. “Problems of investigation of war crimes on the
territory of ukraine and prosecution of persons for their commitment”
In: New Ukrainian Law. No. 5, pp. 52-58.
SUPREME COURT. 2022. The state of administration of of justice in criminal
proceedings and cases of administrative oenses by courts of general
jurisdiction in 2022. Available online. In: https://supreme.court.gov.
ua/userles/media/new_folder_for_uploads/supreme/ogliady/Stan_
Pravosuddya_Criminal_2022.pdf. Consultation date: 13/04/2022.
UKRAINIAN HELSINKI HUMAN RIGHTS UNION. 2022. Available online.
In: https://www.helsinki.org.ua/. Consultation date: 13/04/2022.
PROSECUTOR GENERAL’S OFFICE. 2023. Over 71 thousand war crimes
registered in Ukraine since the beginning of Russian invasion. Available
online. In: https://suspilne.media/413421-v-ukraini-zareestruvali-
ponad-71-tisacu-voennih-zlociniv-z-pocatku-vtorgnenna-rf-ofis-
genprokurora/. Consultation date: 13/04/2022.
CONTROL TEXT OF THE PROJECT. 2023. Criminal Code of Ukraine.
Available online. In: https://newcriminalcode.org.ua/upload/
media/2023/01/30/proyekt-kryminalnogo-kodeksu-ukrayiny-stanom-
na-30-01-2023.pdf. Consultation date: 13/04/2022.
KHAVRONIUK, Mykola. 2022. Criminal liability for collaborationism. Available
online. In: https://pravo.org.ua/blogs/kolaboratsijna-diyalnist-nova-
stattya-kryminalnogo-kodeksu/. Consultation date: 13/04/2022.
DUDOROV, Olexander; MOVCHAN, Roman. 2022. “Liability for aiding and
abetting the aggressor state: problems of qualication and improvement
of criminal law” In: Bulletin of the Association of Criminal Law of
Ukraine. Vol. 2, No. 18, pp. 95-117.
GUSHCHYN, Oleg; KOTLIARENKO, Oleksandr; PANCHENKO, Iryna;
Rezvorovych, Krystyna. 2022. “Cyberlaw in Ukraine: current status and
future development” In: Futurity Economics & Law. Vol. 2, No. 1, pp.
4-11.
KUMAR, Amit. 2021. “Analysis of the principle of subsidiarity as a principle of
EU law: future perspectives”. In: Futurity Economics & Law. Vol. 1, No.
4, 18-27.
343
CUESTIONES POLÍTICAS
Vol. 41 Nº 79 (2023): 331-343
REZVOROVYCH, Krystyna. 2022. Legal nihilism in Ukraine: essence, causes
and ways to overcome. Available online. In: http://baltijapublishing.
lv/omp/index.php/bp/catalog/view/223/5973/12492-1. Consultation
date: 13/04/2022.
HAJDIN, Nikola. 2022. Attributing criminal responsibility for the crime of
aggression. Available online. In: https://digitalcommons.law.uga.edu/
cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2555&context=gjicl. Consultation date:
13/04/2022.
NIKITIN, А. 2020. “On the denition of “criminal inuence” in the Criminal
Code of Ukraine” In: Scientic Notes of NaUKMA. Legal Sciences. Vol.
6, pp. 46-56.
www.luz.edu.ve
www.serbi.luz.edu.ve
www.produccioncienticaluz.org
Esta revista fue editada en formato digital y publicada
en octubre de 2023, por el Fondo Editorial Serbiluz,
Universidad del Zulia. Maracaibo-Venezuela
Vol.41 Nº 79