Instituto de Estudios Políticos y Derecho Público "Dr. Humberto J. La Roche"
de la Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Políticas de la Universidad del Zulia
Maracaibo, Venezuela
Esta publicación cientíca en formato digital es continuidad de la revista impresa
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197402ZU34
ppi 201502ZU4645
Vol.40 N° 72
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Junio
2022
Recibido el 15/09/2021 Aceptado el 04/11/2021
ISSN 0798- 1406 ~ De pó si to le gal pp 198502ZU132
Cues tio nes Po lí ti cas
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de Es tu dios Po lí ti cos y De re cho Pú bli co “Dr. Hum ber to J. La Ro che” (IEPDP) de la Fa-
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avan ces o re sul ta dos de in ves ti ga ción en las áreas de Cien cia Po lí ti ca y De re cho Pú bli-
co, los cua les son so me ti dos a la con si de ra ción de ár bi tros ca li fi ca dos.
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Vol. 40, Nº 72 (2022), 69-88
IEPDP-Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Políticas - LUZ
Use of certain special knowledge in the
investigation of murders
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.4072.04
Oleksandr Kravchenko *
Oleksandr Zherebko **
Ruslana Zaveryko ***
Antonina Velmozhna-Sydorova ****
Tetiana Chashnytska *****
Abstract
The article analyzes the current problems of using certain
special knowledge in the investigation of murders. The essence
and basic forms of special forensic knowledge (participation
of a specialist in conducting investigative (search) actions,
consultations of specialists, conducting forensic examinations)
used in the process of investigation of these criminal oenses
are determined. Emphasis is placed on the expediency of more
frequent use of such types of expertise as phonoscopic, soil science and
handwriting, the theoretical foundations and methodological basis of
which need to be updated and adjusted to take into account the latest
techniques and leading world practices. It is concluded that the level of
development of relevant methodological recommendations in Ukraine in
the eld of phonoscopic, soil science and handwriting, their lack of focus on
today’s problems of investigative and judicial practice. The solution to this
problem will be facilitate by the development at the state level and updating
of the training program for novice experts, which should include a thorough
study of both classical and modern methods and techniques, advanced
foreign experience, which will expand the professional worldview research
* Candidate of legal sciences, Assistant Professor, Associate Professor at the Department of Criminal
Law, Procedure and Criminalistics, Classic Private University, Kyiv, Ukraine. ORСID ID: https://orcid.
org/0000-0001-9798-5309
** Candidate of legal sciences, Head of the department of normative and methodical activity
and standardization, Kyiv Scientic Research Institute of Forensic Expertise, Kyiv, Ukraine.
ORСID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9740-4145
*** Postgraduate student at the Department of Criminal Law, Procedure and Criminalistics, Classic Private
University, Kyiv, Ukraine. ORСID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8163-8625
**** Forensic expert of the Kharkiv scientic research forensic center of the Ministry of Internal Aairs of
Ukraine, Kharkiv, Ukraine. ORСID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2313-3530
***** Postgraduate student at the Field Information Technology Laboratory of Information Technology and
Cybersecurity Department Educational Research Institute № 1 of the National Academy of Internal
Aairs, Senior Forensic Expert of Photographic and Portrait Research Department, Research in the
Field Information Technology Laboratory State Scientic Research Forensic Center of Center Ministry
of Internal Aairs, Kyiv, Ukraine. ORСID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9092-508X
70
Oleksandr Kravchenko, Oleksandr Zherebko, Ruslana Zaveryko, Antonina Velmozhna-
Sydorova y Tetiana Chashnytska
Use of certain special knowledge in the investigation of murders
in proving the circumstances of committed criminal oenses, including
murder.
Keywords: special knowledge; murder investigation; phonoscopic;
soil science; handwriting.
Utilización de ciertos conocimientos especiales en la
investigación de asesinatos
Resumen
El artículo analiza los problemas actuales del uso de conocimientos
especiales en la investigación de asesinatos. Se determina la esencia y las
formas básicas del conocimiento forense especial (participación de un
especialista en la realización de acciones de investigación (búsqueda),
consultas de especialistas, realización de exámenes forenses) utilizados
en el proceso de investigación de delitos penales. Se hace hincapié en
la conveniencia de un uso más frecuente de tipos de conocimientos
especializados como la balística, la ciencia del suelo y la escritura a mano,
cuyos fundamentos teóricos y metodológicos deben actualizarse y ajustarse
para tener en cuenta las últimas técnicas y prácticas de vanguardia.
Se concluye que el poco nivel de desarrollo de las recomendaciones
metodológicas relevantes en Ucrania en el campo de la balística, la ciencia
del suelo y la escritura a mano, demuestran la falta de enfoque en los
problemas actuales de la práctica judicial e investigadora. La solución
a este problema se verá facilitada por la actualización del programa de
capacitación para expertos novatos, que debe incluir un estudio exhaustivo
de métodos y técnicas clásicas y modernas, experiencia internacional
avanzada, que ampliará la cosmovisión profesional.
Palabras clave: conocimiento especial; investigación de asesinatos;
balística; ciencias del suelo; caligrafía.
Introduction
Article 3 of the Constitution of Ukraine declares that a person, his life
and health, honor and dignity, inviolability and security are recognizing
as the highest social value (Constitution of Ukraine, 1996). In the modern
period, the judicial and law enforcement system is being reform, measures
are take to increase the eciency of the National Police of Ukraine, a high-
quality law enforcement service is create, and eective mechanisms for
combating crime are being proposed. Changes in the socio-political and
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Vol. 40 Nº 72 (2022): 69-88
economic sphere of the country have not only positive changes, but also
some negative trends: lowering the level of social security, criminalization
of certain segments, increasing registered unemployment, senseless
manifestations of aggression and cruelty. There are changes in the structure
of criminal activity and the emergence of new criminal manifestations, an
increase in serious violent crimes. In this sense, there are some diculties
in counteracting serial (cell) killings (Kupyansky, 2016).
Given the acquisition of new and particularly dangerous forms of
criminal activity, on the one hand, and the reform of criminal justice,
adaptation of Ukrainian legislation to the European - on the other, the issue
of analysis of theoretical basis and study of forensic practice is relevant
(Simakova-Efremyan et al., 2007) to identify problematic issues that exist
in the investigation of murders, and on this basis - to develop ways to solve
these problems. After all, there is no doubt that some knowledge of experts
is increasingly in demand during the pre-trial investigation and trial of
criminal proceedings for crimes of this kind. In this aspect, one of the most
important tasks is to determine the nature and capabilities of certain types
of expertise in the investigation of murders. This is what determines the
need and relevance of such research.
1. Methodology of the study
The methodological basis of the scientic article is the theory of cognition
and methods of cognitive activity. Research methods are represented by
a system of general scientic and special scientic methods, which are
selected in accordance with the topic, purpose and objectives of the article.
The following methods were used in the work: dialectical (to outline the
general concept and structure of the study; formal legal (to analyze the rules
of criminal procedure and other regulations related to the peculiarities
of the appointment and examination); dogmatic (legal) and method of
analysis of denitions - to deepen the understanding of the denition of
special knowledge, rearms, soil science and handwriting, functional (to
determine ways to optimize the use of special knowledge in phonoscopic,
handwriting and soil science in the investigation of killings, and experts,
organizational and other activities), historical (to study the development
of scientic ideas about the possibility of using certain expert research in
the investigation of murders), sociological (in order to study and generalize
investigative and judicial practice on the use of special knowledge during
homicide investigations).
72
Oleksandr Kravchenko, Oleksandr Zherebko, Ruslana Zaveryko, Antonina Velmozhna-
Sydorova y Tetiana Chashnytska
Use of certain special knowledge in the investigation of murders
2. Analysis of recent research
The theoretical basis of the study of the problem of using special
knowledge in the investigation of murders were the fundamental works of
M. Saltevsky (Saltevsky, 2005), V. Cirkal (Cirkal, 1984), V. Goncharenko
(Goncharenko, 1980), V. Loginov (Loginova, 2009), S. Cherniavskyi
(Cherniavskyi, 2017), E. Simakova-Efremyan (Simakova-Efremyan, 2017),
M. Kostenko (Kostenko, 2006), S. Kustanovich (Kustanovich, 1956), V.
Mitrichev (Mitrichev, 1980), T. Averyanova, E. Rossinskaya (Averyanova
and Rossinskaya, 1999), T. Tatarnikova (Tatarnikova, 2016) and other
scientists.
However, to date, some aspects of the practical nature have not been
suciently elucidated, in particular these issues related to the possibilities
of conducting such examinations as phonoscopic, handwriting and soil
science in the investigation of murders. In view of this, there is a need
for a detailed theoretical analysis of these insuciently studied types of
examinations. In addition, science (as well as society) is constantly evolving,
improving the scope of human activity, there are new ways to inuence the
life and health of the person, which requires the introduction of new types
of forensic examinations, improving the methodology of their conduct.
The purpose of the article is to reveal the theoretical provisions and
practical recommendations for the use of certain special knowledge in the
investigation of murders. According to the dened purpose of the scientic
article, the tasks are: denition of the concept and «special knowledge»
used in the investigation of murders; obtaining a general idea of the forms
of special knowledge used in the investigation of crimes in this category;
outlining the features of phonoscopic, handwriting and soil science
examination in the investigation of murders.
3. Results and discussion
3.1. General characteristics of special knowledge used in
criminal proceedings
The interpretation of “special knowledge” is currently debatable. This
is facilitating by the lack of a legislative denition of the concept of special
knowledge and the legislator indicates only the purpose and subject of
application of special knowledge.
It is widely believed in the doctrine that the term “special knowledge”
used in criminal procedure law in the sectoral legal sense to distinguish
well-known knowledge from the professional knowledge of professionals
used, when necessary, in the investigation of crimes” (Cirkal, 1984). Under
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special knowledge M. Saltevsky understood constantly improved acquired
knowledge, skills and abilities used in any eld of human activity, obtained in
the process of special education, experience and practical activities (except
for the professional knowledge of investigators), necessary for rapid and
complete disclosure and investigation of the crime, as well as consideration
of the case in court (Saltevsky, 2005). V. Goncharenko in his monograph
notes that “special knowledge is knowledge in science, technology or art,
used to obtain evidence by specially trained persons” (Goncharenko, 1980:
114).
We suggest that the special forensic knowledge used in the investigation
of murders include information on forensic tools and methods of detection,
recording, seizure and investigation of material traces of these crimes
and other material evidence used in the course of expert, investigative or
judicial activities, enshrined in various material sources, carriers of this
information.
Special knowledge in the detection and investigation of criminal oenses
used in two forms: procedural and non-procedural. The main purpose of
their application is timely obtain from the specialist forensic information
relevant to the investigator, which allows you to correctly choose the
order, time and place of investigative (investigative) actions and covert
investigative (investigative) actions, select its participants, scientic and
technical means, choose tactics and properly navigate the situation. Cases
of intentional and unintentional deprivation of life are not an exception in
this aspect.
Experts and specialists apply special knowledge in a certain eld, and
the investigator, prosecutor and investigating judge use it in the form of
involving a specialist in conducting investigative (search) actions, appointing
forensic examinations, providing advisory assistance and more. The main
purpose of involving a specialist is to expand the practical capabilities of
the investigator, prosecutor in identifying, seizing and recording evidence
during investigative (search) actions to establish the circumstances to
be establish in criminal proceedings. The activity of an expert diers
signicantly from the activity of a specialist in that the expert is a special
procedural gure, and the task of the examination is to analyze certain data
in order to establish new facts relevant to the pre-trial investigation. In
addition, the expert’s opinion has probative value.
The main subject of application of special knowledge in the form of forensic
examination is an expert. Procedural status, rights, responsibilities, the role
of the expert, certain requirements and guarantees of his independence,
responsibility are dened by the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine
(Criminal procedural code of Ukraine, 2012), Instruction on appointment
and conduct of forensic examinations and expert examinations, approved
by the Order of the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine dated 08.10.1998 № 53/5
74
Oleksandr Kravchenko, Oleksandr Zherebko, Ruslana Zaveryko, Antonina Velmozhna-
Sydorova y Tetiana Chashnytska
Use of certain special knowledge in the investigation of murders
(Instruction on appointment and conduct of forensic examinations, 1998),
Regulations on the service of the Ministry of Aairs of Ukraine, approved
by the Order of the Ministry of Internal Aairs of Ukraine dated 03.11.2015
№ 1343 (Regulations on the expert service of the ministry of internal aairs
of Ukraine, 2015).
According to Art. 1 of the Law of Ukraine «On forensic examination»,
forensic examination is a study based on special knowledge in the eld of
science, technology, art, craft, etc. of objects, phenomena and processes in
order to provide an opinion on issues that are or will be subject to trial (Law
of Ukraine «On forensic examination», 1994).
Procedural grounds for the examination are dened in Article 242 of the
Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine, according to the rst part of which the
examination is conducted by an expert at the request of a party to criminal
proceedings or on behalf of an investigating judge or court, if special
circumstances knowledge. The factual basis for the appointment of an
examination is the need for scientic, technical or other special knowledge
that is needed to address certain issues in criminal proceedings (Criminal
procedural code of Ukraine, 2012). The results of the examinations are
made out by the expert’s opinion, which must meet the criteria of belonging,
admissibility and reliability.
Forensic science has a strong evidentiary value in the process of
investigating murders and uses a wide arsenal of modern methods and
scientic and technical means that signicantly expand the possibilities
of obtaining evidentiary information. According to the results of the study
of criminal proceedings, we have identied the following shortcomings in
the appointment of forensic examinations in the investigation of murders:
inaccurate questions to the expert; errors during the seizure, packaging
and storage of physical evidence, which are then submitted for expert
examination; untimely appointment of forensic examinations; lack of
knowledge and information about (new) types of forensic examinations,
their capabilities and features of appointment. To avoid such shortcomings,
it is necessary to consider the types, possibilities and signicance of forensic
examinations that may be assigned during the investigation of cases of
deprivation of life.
The following types of examinations are important in the investigation
of crimes of this category: forensic, forensic psychological, dactyloscopic,
trasological, ballistic, cold steel, complex forensic, phonoscopic,
immunological, cytological, genetic, odorological, handwriting, soil. For
example, if it is necessary to study the state of the accused, which aects
his consciousness and actions, and the time of the crime, to determine the
various properties of the mental state or other individual psychological
characteristics of the victim, suspect or witness during the pre-trial
investigation may be appointed forensic expertise.
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The decision of the forensic psychological examination is to nd out from
the suspect the state of aect at the time of the crime. According to statistics,
forensic medical examination is most often carried out, the importance
of which is that in the process of its conduct a causal link is established
between the actions of the suspect (accused) and the negative consequences
that caused the death of a person. Forensic medical examination establishes
the cause of death, the presence of injuries, severity, nature, mechanism,
location, method and duration of their formation, prediction of negative
consequences and more.
These and other examinations are typical, such that are studied in
detail in the scientic literature, so we consider it appropriate to focus on
the possibility of forensic examinations, which are rarely appointed by
investigators in the investigation of murders, because their capabilities and
evidence are often unfairly ignored. practice. These include phonoscopic,
handwriting and soil expertise.
3.2. Examination of audio and video recording
Intensive lling of public life with various technical means of
communication has actualized the development of examination of audio
and video recording. To date, the expert’s report is evidence in criminal
proceedings related not only to extortion, blackmail, corruption and
terrorism, but also to murder, attempted murder, other crimes against
life and health, etc. Examination of audio and video recordings belongs to
the class of forensic examinations. Within the limits of expert specialties
the main tasks of examination of sound and video recording are carrying
out of technical examination of materials and means of sound and video
recording; research of the speaker on physical parameters of oral speech,
acoustic signals and environments; linguistic study of oral speech.
The essence of examination of materials and means of digital sound
recording is to use an integrative set of special knowledge in the eld of
phonoscopy to investigate traces of sound, mechanism and methods of its
reection and xation on digital media, properties of sound information
reected in the sound signal. Forensic examination of video recording is
carried out in order to identify a person on the basis of voice and speech,
as well as to identify the means of recording (video recording) (Averyanova
and Rossinskaya, 1999).
In connection with the above, T. Tatarnikova proposed the following
denition of the subject of examination of materials and means of digital
sound recording - is the establishment of instructions of the parties to
criminal and civil proceedings facts and circumstances related to the laws
of formation and study of reections of audio information on digital media
value for proof. The content of the subject of examination of materials and
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Oleksandr Kravchenko, Oleksandr Zherebko, Ruslana Zaveryko, Antonina Velmozhna-
Sydorova y Tetiana Chashnytska
Use of certain special knowledge in the investigation of murders
means of digital sound recording taking into account its procedural and
epistemological aspect is the study of specic properties of objects of sound
origin, their relationship with the phenomena of reality and functionally
related processes, carried out within the current legal norms a set of
methods for obtaining evidentiary information in criminal proceedings
(Tatarnikova, 2016).
In the investigation of murders, the tasks of examination of materials
and means of digital sound recording according to the methodological
principle are divided into three main blocks: identication; diagnostic;
classication. Identication tasks of examination of materials and means of
digital sound recording are directed on identication of object on its display.
Identication tasks are related to: the identication of specic sources of
sound traces other than voice and speech signals with the identication
of the person by voice and speech, recorded on the phonogram; less often
- with the identication of a specic means, reception, transmission and
recording of an audio signal, etc.
Diagnostic tasks are aimed at: dierentiating the participants of the
conversation on the basis of voice and speech, which dier; establishing the
suitability of the speech signal for identication examination; clarication
of the textual content of the proclaimed statements; establishing the fact
of an unusual state of the speaker. Classication tasks are: diagnostics of
terrain or acoustic characteristics of the room according to the properties
of the sound environment; diagnostics of acoustic information sources,
etc. In the investigation of murders, the specied tasks of examination of
materials and means of digital sound recording can be detailed for each
stage of examination.
It is known that the eectiveness of the detection and investigation
of crimes is directly dependent on the successful interaction of pre-trial
investigation bodies, operational units, expert service. Criminal proceedings
for murder are no exception in this respect. Most often, the results of
forensic examination of audio and video recordings, on the basis of which
the persons involved in the commission of crimes are identied, are the
only direct evidence in criminal proceedings (Maksymenko, undated). We
consider it expedient to detail some problems of interaction of the specied
subjects from the position of the forensic expert who solves a problem
on revealing of the useful speech information at performance of forensic
examination of video, sound recording at investigation of murders.
For a more detailed study of the means and materials of video recording,
their preliminary research is often carried out. As a result, additional
information can be obtained, which allows you to write the following
questions: put forward new and check existing investigative versions;
build tactics for conducting separate investigative actions; to decide on the
involvement of the object in the case as verbal evidence, on the appointment
of a forensic examination.
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One of the important conditions for the preliminary study of physical
evidence is the use of such methods that ensure the preservation of physical
evidence in its original form. Preliminary research is usually the logical
conclusion of the review. After examination and preliminary examination
of the physical evidence, the question of the appropriateness of the
appointment of the examination is raised. In the decision when appointing
a forensic examination of the means and materials of the video recording in
the investigation of the murders, the investigator may reect the following
questions: what is the content of the plots of the video presented for
investigation; whether this video was made using the presented device;
whether the presented video contains signs of editing; whether the image
and sound were recorded simultaneously on the presented video, and so on.
When selecting an expert for the examination of means and materials of
video recording in such high-prole criminal proceedings, the competence
of the future expert in the eld of criminology, television, video equipment
is taken into account. It should also be remembered that if the expert
concludes that the samples of voice and speech of the person do not meet
the requirements, the expert sends a request to the initiator to provide
additional samples of voice and speech of the person, which signicantly
aects the time of examination (Law of Ukraine «On forensic examination»,
1994).
It should also be noted that one of the methods that is actively used by
psychologists-experts in their work is the method of «Forensic psychological
examination of the communicative activity of a person recorded in the
video». It allows you to fully determine the features of speech behavior of
the subject (Khalyavka and Tulvinskaya, 2020: 145).
Thus, we conclude that the examination of audio and video recordings
is essential for the investigation of murders, in particular for establishing
the criminal event, the identity of the murderer, the degree of his guilt
and other circumstances to be proved. In order to optimize the progress
of the homicide investigation before the examination, an expert should be
consulted on the optimal wording of the questions regarding the speech
and video material to be investigated.
3.3. Forensic soil expertise
One of the sources of evidence in the investigation of criminal oenses
against the life and health of a person may be the opinion of an expert on
the results of forensic examination. It belongs to the kind of examinations
of materials, substances and products, in which the research of material
evidence of soil and geological-mineralogical origin is carried out.
Forensic examination is a multi-stage comprehensive study, and the
assessment is conducted after each stage of the study, taking into account
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Oleksandr Kravchenko, Oleksandr Zherebko, Ruslana Zaveryko, Antonina Velmozhna-
Sydorova y Tetiana Chashnytska
Use of certain special knowledge in the investigation of murders
knowledge in the eld of soil science and related sciences (natural science
assessment) and in forensics (forensic assessment). Natural science
assessment is carried out in terms of classication, taxonomy and other
structural units of soil science, geology, biology and other sciences.
Forensic assessment involves the transformation of the results of scientic
assessment in accordance with special knowledge in the eld of forensic
identication theory.
With the help of forensic soil examination, identication, diagnostic
and situational tasks are solved. Identication of the site is one of the main
tasks of forensic soil examination. Among the facts that can be established
by solving the problems of this type of examination are such important
elements of evidence as identication of the area where the criminal event
took place, and the fact of contact interaction of any objects contaminated
with soil, diagnosis of an unknown scene and so on.
Objectivity, comprehensiveness and completeness of expert research
means an unbiased assessment of the properties of objects and phenomena,
conducting research on a scientic and practical basis, which eliminates
errors, avoiding unreasonable judgments or expanding the subject of
examination. The expert’s opinion should be based on the provisions that
allow to verify the validity and reliability of conclusions made on the basis
of special knowledge in soil science, geology, petrography, mineralogy,
chemistry, physics and other sciences, which are used in this type of
examination.
At one time V. Mitrichev introduced into the examination of materials of
substances and products the concept of «element of the material situation»,
which can be understood as a separate material object that is part of the
material situation of the event under investigation: object (whole), material
formations in the form of liquid, loose or gaseous substances, as well as
their parts and traces (Mitrichev, 1980). By their nature, material evidence
is material objects that arose in connection with the event of a criminal
oense or were used during its commission, preparation for it, etc.
Based on this, the objects of study in the appointment of forensic soil
examination may be a variety of objects of soil and mineral origin - it is
directly soils, in the form of clay, sand, gravel, limestone, chalk, gypsum, coal,
slag, etc., and in in the form of layers on the objects-carriers, exfoliations
left at the scene, as well as samples of specically localized areas.
The specicity of soil-geological objects as elements of the material
situation in the framework of forensic identication research is determined
by the actual circumstances of the oense (Omelyanyuk, 2004).
The soil-geological object submitted for forensic examination has a dual
structure: it contains elements that determine its natural origin, as well as
others that separate it as a material formation from various soil-geological
and sometimes anthropogenic components.
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V. Koldin points out that depending on the level of individualization
achieved in the process of research, genus, species, group and individual
identication dier. The ultimate goal of identication is to address the
question of the identity of a single person, object, material complex (Koldin,
2002).
However, this goal is not always achieved. If the comparative study
reveals only classication features, the study is limited to generic
identication. In some cases, the structure of the identied object reveals
properties that arose in the circumstances of a particular case or mechanism
of the event under investigation. Such properties may be the basis for the
allocation of special classes or groups that signicantly deepen the levels of
group identication. Individual identication requires the identication of
features, the set of which is unique, inimitable. Thus, the identity of objects
in the assessment of forensic soil examination is assessed by generic, group
and individualizing characteristics.
Studying the methods of investigating crimes against life, V. Kolmakov
distinguished between the method of committing a crime and the method
of concealing it. Thus, to the rst he attributed the actions and omissions
aimed at achieving a criminal result, as well as the material objects with
which the crime was committed, the conditions convenient for the oender.
The method of concealment was considered by the researcher as the
actions of the criminal aimed at masking and eliminating the traces of this
crime (Kolmakov, 1956). Forensic examination can be used as a means
of committing, for example, moving a corpse or living persons, a person
staying in a certain area, as well as a way of hiding, usually burying a corpse
or its parts, burying objects of a criminal oense.
In criminal oenses, the generic object of which is the protection of
life and health of a person, the forms of use of special knowledge are the
involvement of a specialist and the appointment of a forensic examination.
Consider the practical application of specialized knowledge in the eld of
soil science in the investigation of premeditated murder.
Thus, the verdict of the Donetsk Court of Appeal established that the
accused A. and B. illegally took possession of a Toyota Avensis car and
killed its owner V. with the use of rearms. and other persons, as well as
ammunition left in them after the commission of these crimes, and then
buried them in the ground in various places, for the purpose of concealment
and further illegal storage. The conclusions of forensic soil examinations
with diagrams and photo tables conrmed that the soil removed from the
mat near the driver’s seat of the accused A.’s car has a common ancestral
and group aliation with the soil removed from the surface of a small
bayonet shovel and the soil removed during inspection. The soil removed
from the surface of the large bayonet blade has a common genus with the
soil removed during the search of the car belonging to A., have a common
80
Oleksandr Kravchenko, Oleksandr Zherebko, Ruslana Zaveryko, Antonina Velmozhna-
Sydorova y Tetiana Chashnytska
Use of certain special knowledge in the investigation of murders
genus with the soil removed during the inspection (Judgment of the
Donetsk Court of Appeal in case 235/661 / 14-k).
In another case, A.’s Kharkiv District Court found A. guilty of
intentionally killing B. and illegally seizing her laptop. soil samples for
forensic examination, investigative experiment, presentation of the corpse
for identication, search of A.’s place of residence, during which material
evidence was seized. The conclusion of the forensic soil examination with
illustrative tables to it established that the soil layers removed from the
bayonet shovel and soil samples removed from the burial place of the
corpse, and one of the samples removed at the place of its discovery, are
characterized by common genus and common group aliation (Judgment
of the Kharkiv District Court of the Kharkiv Region in the case №
2034/13730/2012).
Thus, forensic examination should be ordered in the investigation
of premeditated murders, when it is necessary to establish whether the
corpse was reburied, whether the person was alive in a certain area if the
corpse’s shoes preserved layers of soil, whether there was contact with the
victim’s clothes and certain contact object (for example, vehicle bumper),
with which tools (shovels, crowbars) the corpse was buried, as well as
whether the suspect was in the area where the corpse was found, whether
the corpse was moved from one part of the area to another, in what way
(rolling, dragging, etc.) and how many people were moved. Establishing the
number of co-perpetrators contributes to solving the problems of criminal
proceedings under Art. 2 of the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine
(Criminal procedural code of Ukraine, 2012), which is also provided for
in paragraph 3 of the resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of
Ukraine «On judicial practice in cases of crimes against life and health»
of February 7, 2003 № 2 (Resolution of the Court of Ukraine «On judicial
practice in cases of crimes against life and personal health», 2003).
The main problematic issues that arise when inspecting the scene are
the correct removal of soil samples, clothing, footwear and other items that
have layers of soil and mineral origin. Practice shows that most physical
evidence is seized without complying with the mandatory conditions for
its preservation during transportation and storage. Also, there are cases of
incorrect determination by investigators of the spatial boundaries of land
plots, which leads to incorrect removal of control samples.
As a result, further forensic examination does not contribute to the
localization of a certain area. Improper packaging of physical evidence,
especially when clothes and shoes are packed together, leads to rash
and contamination of the layers, which negatively aects the results of
a comparative study. That is why the involvement of a specialist in the
inspection of the scene is a prerequisite for the collection of appropriate
evidence, and on the other hand it facilitates the work of a forensic expert,
who will then conduct a forensic examination.
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In the process of forensic soil examination (selection of the study
scheme and evaluation of the results) it is necessary to take into account the
completeness of the reection of soil layers on the objects and preservation
in the layers of initial indicators during operation of objects with layers and
removing them for research. Thus, the evaluation process in forensic soil
science examination is heuristic in nature and cannot (except for the main
stages) be programmed in advance.
Each expert study of soil-mineral substances requires a creative
approach taking into account all the features of the objects of identication,
including the suitability of the site for localization and identication, the
identication signicance of signs, the presence of sucient soil layers and
preservation of initial indicators, matching properties all components and
impurities in comparable soils, etc.
3.4. Forensic handwriting examination
The generalization of expert practice in criminal proceedings on murders
indicates the presence of signicant shortcomings in the preparation and
execution of materials for forensic handwriting examination. In particular,
copies or technical images of documents are often provided for forensic
handwriting examination of manuscripts and signatures. However, such
examination is carried out exclusively on the basis of original documents.
A common shortcoming in the appointment of the examination is
the direction of materials for its conduct, which does not specify which
documents are subject to study, in which columns are the handwritten record
or signature, as well as which documents contain samples of handwriting
and signature of a person that the expert could use for comparative research.
At the same time, according to Article 69 of the Criminal Procedure Code
of Ukraine, an expert has no right to collect materials for examination on
his own initiative (Criminal procedural code of Ukraine, 2012). Assignment
of documents to the objects of research, as well as to the handwriting
and signatures of a certain person is beyond the powers of the expert and
belongs exclusively to the competence of the body (person) that appointed
the examination.
One of the most common shortcomings is the lack of comparative
materials, both in terms of quality and in terms of quantity, non-compliance
with the requirements for compliance of the samples with the studied
documents under the conditions of execution (similar writing instrument,
pose, lighting, etc.), not the reliability of comparative samples is checked
by comparing them with each other. In accordance with paragraph 1 of
part 1 of Article 13 of the Law of Ukraine «On Forensic Examination»,
the expert has the right to submit a request for additional materials, if
the examination is appointed by a court or pre-trial investigation body or
82
Oleksandr Kravchenko, Oleksandr Zherebko, Ruslana Zaveryko, Antonina Velmozhna-
Sydorova y Tetiana Chashnytska
Use of certain special knowledge in the investigation of murders
review case materials concerning the subject of forensic examination (Law
of Ukraine «On forensic examination», 1994).
The body (person) that appointed the expertise (involved the expert),
who ignores the experts’ requests for the necessary materials and insists on
conducting the expertise on the provided materials, deliberately puts the
expert in a situation of possible erroneous conclusions or necessity refusal
to resolve the issue.
Poor quality comparative material is usually found when courts appoint
forensic handwriting examinations to examine the signatures of the elderly
and senile, in wills, gift agreements and applications for revocation of wills.
This is reected in the incomparability of the samples in comparison with
the investigated signature by transcription, time or conditions of execution
and the absence of free and experimental samples of signatures of the
probable person, as well as the insucient number of free samples of
signatures of this person (Bilous, 2019).
A common drawback is the violation of the tactics of sampling. A
signicant violation of the method of taking handwriting samples and
signatures is to provide the person from whom the experimental samples
are taken, the opportunity to reproduce the handwriting object from the
document under study, which is strictly prohibited. When taking free and
experimental samples of handwriting and signatures made in unusual
conditions, or in an unusual way, only in some cases, specialists with special
knowledge in the eld of handwriting are involved. Thus, only with its help
it is possible to most accurately establish the pace at which the text of the
studied document was performed.
We consider it expedient to outline the peculiarities of conducting expert
research in the eld of handwriting in criminal proceedings on murders.
Changes in external and internal factors inuencing the formation
of handwriting have signicantly changed the structure (structure) of
handwriting in modern society, which requires adjustment of a number of
characteristics of the general features of handwriting. Insuciently studied
objects of research are handwritten texts and signatures made by the left
hand with natural shulga, and should also be nalized. Therefore, at the
present stage in forensic handwriting there are two main areas of research
of altered handwriting: the establishment of the fact of unusual execution
of the manuscript and the identication of the executor of the altered
handwriting.
Along with manual methods in handwriting research, recently, more
often used machine methods of analysis of features in the compared
handwriting (signatures). Experiments are conducted on the use of image
recognition algorithms in handwriting research, as well as to establish the
authorship of anonymous texts. The handwriting of a certain person as
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CUESTIONES POLÍTICAS
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a whole, as well as individual written signs, which together constitute an
individualized complex, represent an image (Kravchenko, 2019).
In addition, handwriting can change under the inuence of external
factors, such as alcohol or drug intoxication. The study of the peculiarities
of writing and written speech of persons under the inuence of toxic
(including pharmaceutical) substances should be recognized as promising.
There is an objective need for in-depth study of the handwriting of persons
for whom the left hand is the leader. After all, the number of such people
is steadily growing. Here, too, the multidisciplinary nature of handwriting
science will be manifested, because knowledge should be applied not only
purely handwriting, but also pedagogical, partly medical, psychological,
with a collection of extensive experimental material (Savchuk, 2019).
Of particular note is the study of the impact of mental illness on writing.
The progressive level of development of forensic psychiatry, the availability
of new methods of treatment and the release of new pharmaceuticals to
overcome this category of diseases makes handwriting experts interested
in this topic in parallel with specialists - psychiatrists. Another separate
type of multidisciplinary research should be considered the impact on the
handwriting of the psychological state of the performer. Graphology as a
scientic discipline has experienced better and worse times, but in Europe
it is now experiencing a «second life».
For example, in France, while studying at university, students study
graphology in order to take tests at employment or in vocational guidance
institutions. In Italy, graphologists (as handwriting psychologists) and
handwriting experts study together. This seems logical, as handwriting
scholars should be interested in psychology for a more thorough study
of writing. However, it should be recognized that there are not always
signicant links between a person’s mental state and his or her handwriting.
Emotional factors may aect the writing skill, but due to the strength of the
individual, the rmness of his character, such factors may not be reected
in the handwriting or signature (Savchuk, 2019).
One of the tasks of scientists is to develop an electronic computer that
can recognize the handwriting of an individual among many dierent
handwritings. Therefore, in cases where the eyes of an expert in the
comparative study of some handwriting objects are an imperfect tool, the
problem of creating a more perfect apparatus of distinction, which would
work in areas and ranges inaccessible to direct visual perception of man.
The experiments conducted on cybernetization of handwriting research
are based on the principle of creating a machine that would rst memorize
handwriting patterns (learn), and then, learning to distinguish them,
perform recognition. It is determined that of the research in the direction of
creating model and automated methods used in handwriting examination
84
Oleksandr Kravchenko, Oleksandr Zherebko, Ruslana Zaveryko, Antonina Velmozhna-
Sydorova y Tetiana Chashnytska
Use of certain special knowledge in the investigation of murders
in the modern post-Soviet space, the most interesting are the developments
of criminologists of Ukraine, who rst began to create and use expert
systems in forensic handwriting examination (Kravchenko, 2019).
The complex nature of the methodological tools used means that
the process of solving the tasks of forensic handwriting examination
includes a variety of methods: qualitative-descriptive, quantitative, model
(mathematical), instrumental, as well as the use of modern computer
technology.
We consider the scientic support of expert activity in the eld of soil
science to be an indisputable positive in the investigation of criminal
oenses, including those whose object is encroachment on the life and
health of a person. One of such steps is the development of a manual in
which, based on the latest advances in science, in accordance with the
requirements of expert practice, it is necessary to highlight the theoretical
foundations of forensic handwriting, the concept of written language and
handwriting, modern classication of writing, provide general and most
common methods of identication , to consider diagnostic and situational
researches of handwriting, methods of mathematical modeling which are
applied at the decision of various handwriting problems. Detailed research
and solution of the above issues will signicantly expand the possibilities
of forensic handwriting and increase the eciency of experts in the eld of
handwriting examination (Kravchenko, 2019) both in general and in the
investigation of certain types of crimes in particular.
Conclusions
Summarizing the above, we can draw the following main conclusions:
1. Special forensic knowledge used in the process of investigating
murders includes information on forensic means and methods of
detection, recording, seizure and investigation of material traces
of these crimes and other material evidence used in the course of
expert, investigative or judicial activities, xed in various material
sources, carriers of this information.
2. The main forms of using special knowledge in the investigation
of murders include: participation of a specialist in conducting
investigative (search) actions, consulting specialists and conducting
forensic examinations. The integrated use of such forms will ensure
the impartiality, completeness and comprehensiveness of the
pre-trial investigation and will facilitate the prompt disclosure of
deprivation of life.
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3. Given the increased public danger of homicides, their high latency
and low level of disclosure, there is an urgent need to increase the
eciency of the use of specialized knowledge in the investigation and
trial of these criminal oenses. Particular attention in this activity
should be paid to the use of such types of expertise as phonoscopic,
soil science and handwriting, the theoretical foundations and
methodological basis of which need to be updated and adjusted to
the latest techniques and leading world practices. There is also a
need to expand the capabilities of these forensic examinations, their
comprehensive application in the investigation of this category of
crimes.
4. Despite the strong scientic and technical potential for the application
of specialized knowledge in the investigation of crimes against life
and health, currently the level of development of relevant guidelines
in Ukraine in the eld of phonoscopic, soil science and handwriting,
their lack of focus on today’s investigative and judicial problems.
practices determine the need for comprehensive research in this area,
taking into account today’s conditions. In addition, at the state level
the priority is to develop and update a training program for novice
experts, which should include a thorough study of both classical and
modern methods and techniques, advanced foreign experience, which
would not only expand the professional worldview of specialists with
special knowledge, but and opened new opportunities for the use
of certain expert studies in proving the circumstances of criminal
oenses, in particular, one of the most socially dangerous - murder.
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