Instituto de Estudios Políticos y Derecho Público "Dr. Humberto J. La Roche"
de la Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Políticas de la Universidad del Zulia
Maracaibo, Venezuela
Esta publicación cientíca en formato digital es continuidad de la revista impresa
ISSN-Versión Impresa 0798-1406 / ISSN-Versión on line 2542-3185Depósito legal pp
197402ZU34
ppi 201502ZU4645
Vol.39 N° 70
2021
ISSN 0798- 1406 ~ De pó si to le gal pp 198502ZU132
Cues tio nes Po lí ti cas
La re vis ta Cues tio nes Po lí ti cas, es una pu bli ca ción aus pi cia da por el Ins ti tu to
de Es tu dios Po lí ti cos y De re cho Pú bli co “Dr. Hum ber to J. La Ro che” (IEPDP) de la Fa-
cul tad de Cien cias Ju rí di cas y Po lí ti cas de la Uni ver si dad del Zu lia.
En tre sus ob je ti vos fi gu ran: con tri buir con el pro gre so cien tí fi co de las Cien cias
Hu ma nas y So cia les, a tra vés de la di vul ga ción de los re sul ta dos lo gra dos por sus in ves-
ti ga do res; es ti mu lar la in ves ti ga ción en es tas áreas del sa ber; y pro pi ciar la pre sen ta-
ción, dis cu sión y con fron ta ción de las ideas y avan ces cien tí fi cos con com pro mi so so cial.
Cues tio nes Po lí ti cas apa re ce dos ve ces al año y pu bli ca tra ba jos ori gi na les con
avan ces o re sul ta dos de in ves ti ga ción en las áreas de Cien cia Po lí ti ca y De re cho Pú bli-
co, los cua les son so me ti dos a la con si de ra ción de ár bi tros ca li fi ca dos.
ESTA PU BLI CA CIÓN APA RE CE RE SE ÑA DA, EN TRE OTROS ÍN DI CES, EN
:
Re vicyhLUZ, In ter na tio nal Po li ti cal Scien ce Abs tracts, Re vis ta In ter ame ri ca na de
Bi blio gra fía, en el Cen tro La ti no ame ri ca no para el De sa rrol lo (CLAD), en Bi blio-
gra fía So cio Eco nó mi ca de Ve ne zue la de RE DIN SE, In ter na tio nal Bi blio graphy of
Po li ti cal Scien ce, Re vencyt, His pa nic Ame ri can Pe rio di cals In dex/HAPI), Ul ri ch’s
Pe rio di cals Di rec tory, EBS CO. Se en cuen tra acre di ta da al Re gis tro de Pu bli ca cio-
nes Cien tí fi cas y Tec no ló gi cas Ve ne zo la nas del FO NA CIT, La tin dex.
Di rec to ra
L
OIRALITH
M. C
HIRINOS
P
ORTILLO
Co mi té Edi tor
Eduviges Morales Villalobos
Fabiola Tavares Duarte
Ma ría Eu ge nia Soto Hernández
Nila Leal González
Carmen Pérez Baralt
Co mi té Ase sor
Pedro Bracho Grand
J. M. Del ga do Ocan do
José Ce rra da
Ri car do Com bel las
An gel Lom bar di
Die ter Nohlen
Al fre do Ra mos Ji mé nez
Go ran Ther born
Frie drich Welsch
Asis ten tes Ad mi nis tra ti vos
Joan López Urdaneta y Nil da Ma rín
Re vis ta Cues tio nes Po lí ti cas. Av. Gua ji ra. Uni ver si dad del Zu lia. Nú cleo Hu ma nís ti co. Fa-
cul tad de Cien cias Ju rí di cas y Po lí ti cas. Ins ti tu to de Es tu dios Po lí ti cos y De re cho Pú bli co
“Dr. Hum ber to J. La Ro che”. Ma ra cai bo, Ve ne zue la. E- mail: cues tio nes po li ti cas@gmail.
com ~ loi chi ri nos por til lo@gmail.com. Te le fax: 58- 0261- 4127018.
Vol. 39, Nº 70 (2021), 862-874
IEPDP-Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Políticas - LUZ
Recibido el 17/07/2021 Aprobado el 28/08/2021
Application of Innovative Technologies
for Detection and Investigation of
Evidence in Criminal Proceedings
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.3970.52
Iryna Hora *
Valeriy Kolesnyk **
Oleg Batiuk ***
Abstract
The main objective of the study was to demonstrate the
hypothesis that the use of an infrared spectroscopy method for the
investigation of objects of examination allows to obtain important
and reliable data that can be used in criminal proceedings. The
authors explain that knowledge of the possibilities and procedures
for using new methods of scientic research is necessary not only
for experts, but also for other participants in criminal proceedings
who evaluate the evidence. Through the documentary method focused
on specialized literature on the subject, special sources of literature on
the application of the IR spectroscopy method for the investigation of
individual objects and the analysis of possibilities and establishment of the
great importance of its use in judicial practice in general were reviewed. It is
concluded that, studies show that the use of infrared spectroscopy can not
only increase the level of scientic and technical support of legal medical
practice, but also improves the quality of expert research and therefore
increases condence in the accuracy and reliability of conclusions made by
an expert.
Keywords: infrared spectroscopy; forensic examination; preparation of
muster; to theorem of research; evaluation of the conclusion.
* Doctor of Legal Sciences, Professor, National Academy of Security Service of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine.
ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2940-5338. Email: irvitgora@ukr.net
** Doctor of Legal Sciences, Professor, National Academy of Security Service of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine.
ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3570-8984. Email: valarko@ukr.net
*** Candidate of Law, Associate Professor, Lesya Ukrainka Volyn National University, Lutsk, Ukraine.
ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2291-4247. Email: olegbatiukibrlpnt@gmail.com
863
CUESTIONES POLÍTICAS
Vol. 39 Nº 70 (2021): 862-874
Uso de técnicas innovadoras para la revelación e
investigación de pruebas en un procedimiento criminal
Resumen
El objetivo principal del estudio fue demostrar la hipótesis de que el
uso de un método de la espectroscopia infrarroja para la investigación de
objetos de examen permite obtener datos importantes y conables que
pueden ser utilizados en procedimientos penales. Los autores explican que
el conocimiento de las posibilidades y procedimientos para utilizar nuevos
métodos de investigaciones cientíca es necesario no solo para los expertos,
sino también para otros participantes en el procedimiento penal que
evalúan la evidencia. Mediante el método documental enfocado en literatura
especializada en el tema se revisaron fuentes especiales de literatura sobre
la aplicación del método de espectroscopia IR para la investigación de
objetos individuales y el análisis de posibilidades y establecimiento de la
gran importancia de su uso en la práctica judicial en general. Se concluye
que, los estudios muestran que el uso de la espectroscopia infrarroja no solo
puede aumentar el nivel de apoyo cientíco y técnico de la práctica médico
legal, sino que también mejora la calidad de las investigaciones expertas
y, por lo tanto, aumenta la conanza en la exactitud y conabilidad de las
conclusiones hechas por un experto.
Palabras clave: espectroscopía infrarroja; examen forense; preparación
de muestras; algoritmo de la investigación; valoración
de la conclusión.
Introduction
The appointment and conduct of forensic examinations in criminal
proceeding is important for the collection and verication of the evidence by
the side of the prosecution and by the side of the defense, and the evaluation
of their results by the court is often key to making a lawful and correct court
decision. The character and properties of many objects of examination
necessitate the use of the various physical and other scientic methods
for its research. The use by forensic experts of high-precision modern
equipment and devices, the application of the innovative technologies and
the latest scientically sound methods of research makes it possible to
obtain complete, accurate, reasonable, and illustrative results, which can
be in the basis of expert conclusion.
At the same time, the knowledge modern possibilities of expert
researches and methodic, which can be used for its carrying out by the
investigator, prosecutor, lawyer, of the main rules and procedure of the
obtaining and preparing various objects as samples of examination enables
864
Iryna Hora, Valeriy Kolesnyk y Oleg Batiuk
Application of Innovative Technologies for Detection and Investigation of Evidence in Criminal
Proceedings
the procedural person, who asks about an examination, to appoint it in a
timely manner, properly prepare objects and evaluate the results that has
been obtained by the expert. All this aects the completeness, objectivity
and impartiality of the pre-trial investigation and trial of the materials
of the criminal proceedings, and ultimately is aimed at ensuring of the
compliance with the fundamental rights and interests of the individual.
Unfortunately, in some cases, experts do not apply the latest methods and
methodic of research on their own initiative, and investigators and the side
of defense, without relevant information, do not indicate the need for their
application.
In other cases, the procedural person who evaluates the conclusion
of the expert has no knowledge about the possibilities of certain or other
scientic methods and therefore unable to properly assess the conclusion
of expert. All this is directly related to the use of the expert in the study of
a number of the physical evidence and other objects of the latest methods
of the infrared spectrometry. The information about the possibilities and
tasks of such methods of the research is of undeniable benet to both the
expert and the procedural persons, who turn to him for help in gathering
and evaluating of evidences.
1. Materials and methods
The review of special literature sources on the issues of the application
of the method of IR-spectroscopy for the research of individual objects and
analysis of the opportunities and establishing the importance of its use in
the forensic practice.
2. General provisions of the use of method of infrared
spectrometry for the research of several objects
The essence of the method of the infrared spectrometry.
Today, it is dicult to imagine conducting a pre-trial investigation into
most criminal proceedings without using help of the specialists in various
elds of knowledge, science, technology, or crafts in it by the investigator,
the prosecutor, and often the side of the defense. The relevant procedural
persons apply to forensic experts, involving them for holding examination
for the receiving assistance in collecting and evaluating already collected
evidences. The documents, weapon and other instruments of crime,
various traces and other material objects, for the research of which requires
the application of the full range of advanced achievements of scientic
and technological progress most often become the objects of forensic
examination.
865
CUESTIONES POLÍTICAS
Vol. 39 Nº 70 (2021): 862-874
In the current practice of pre-trial investigation, the latest scientic and
technical means are widely applied, the capabilities of which are constantly
are expanded, new are created and existing methods of detection and
research of various objects are improved, which become material evidences
in criminal proceedings. In many cases, for a qualitative and complete
research of samples, the experts need to use complex but quite eective
scientic methods. Namely, such is the method of the infrared spectroscopy
(IR-spectroscopy) as one of the most eective modern methods, which
is applied for expert analysis and identication of various objects and
substances. The infrared spectroscopy is the section of the spectroscopy that
studies the interaction of the infrared radiation with dierent substances.
As one from the physical methods of the researches, it is used in the dierent
areas of the science, technic, production and in each of them this term is
given a dierent meaning, and the study itself and dierent meanings are
given for its results.
The method of infrared spectroscopy (IR-spectroscopy) is one of the
methods of the analysis that is based on the recording infrared spectra of
the absorption substance. The absorption by the substance in the area of the
infrared radiation occurs due to the oscillation of atoms in molecules and
has the form of a spectrum, where its own wavelength corresponds to every
oscillation. Namely, the identication of substances and connections by
their spectral data is based on these properties of the IR-spectra. The sets of
bands in the IR-spectrum have the same specic characteristic of substances
as human ngerprints. The substance can be identied by these spectra, if
its spectrum of oscillation has been already known. The measurement of
the intensity of the bands in the spectrum makes it possible to apply the
quantitative analysis, to study the chemical equilibrium and the kinetics
of chemical reactions, to control the course of technological processes, etc.
The active development of dierent designs of spectral devices for their
industrial application has begun from the end of the last century (Kolesnyk
and Sapoletova, 2011).
In the pre-trial investigation of the criminal oences this method is
applied for the deciphering the structure of dierent substances, the study
and establishment of structure and content of which is important for the
correct solution of the tasks of criminal proceedings. One of the tasks of
the IR-spectroscopy is the quantitative determination of the values, which
characterize the absorption by a certain substance of monochromatic
radiation of light waves of dierent lengths. These values can be used both for
the quantitative characterization of a certain substance and for quantitative
its determination in solution or in a mixture with other substances. The
results of such researches are important not only for the establishment of
involvement of a certain person in committing certain actions, but also
can eect on the legal qualication of the action, for example, during the
investigation of crimes in the eld of illicit tracking of the narcotic drugs,
the falsication and the counterfeiting of medicinal preparations, etc.
866
Iryna Hora, Valeriy Kolesnyk y Oleg Batiuk
Application of Innovative Technologies for Detection and Investigation of Evidence in Criminal
Proceedings
The new opportunities of the application of the method of IR-
spectroscopy for solving a wide range of tasks in the forensic examination
research of dierent objects appear with the development of the science
and technic. The determination of content and form of substance by its IR-
spectrum by the expert is based on the relationship of the characteristic
absorption bands that are recorded in the IR-spectrum, with features of the
structure of molecules of a substance that absorbs the light. The totality of
all bands of the absorption, which creates the spectrum of this substance,
unambiguously determines its individuality, and therefore individualizes
the substance itself. The study of IR-spectrum gives opportunity to
determine the most important analytical bands of the absorption, which
can be used for the evaluation of the quantitative content of substance, to
establish the availability of the polymorphism, to consider the nature of
the impact on the IR-spectrum of the individual substitutes, as well as of
another structural changes in the molecule of the substance.
The method of IR-spectroscopy is applied on the practice in conducting
the expert research of objects of dierent nature and origin. This method is
most often used for solving such tasks of the pre-trial investigation.
1. For the research of narcotic drugs, psychotropic, potent, and toxic
substances and precursors (Kolesnyk and Hora, 2017; Litvin, 2009).
In the examination of such objects of the IR-spectroscopy, one of
the urgent tasks of the investigation is solved – the identication of
the content of mixture that contains substances whose circulation is
prohibited or restricted by law. To do this, it is necessary to identify
each of the components of the mixture, which usually consists of the
active substance and the ller. When researching the components
of the ller, which for the most part cannot be identied by other
expert methods, for example the chromatographic, IR-microscope
that is combined with an IR-spectrometer is applied.
2. For the research of cosmetics, medicines, several substances of
unknown nature (Hora, 2016; Maksiutina et al., 1984). During
the examination of the specied objects, this method is used both
individually and in the complex with X-ray uorescence method of
the analysis, the gas chromatography, the gas chromatography with
the mass spectrometric detection or the high-performance liquid
chromatography. In the case of analysis of substances of unknown
nature, preferable the IR-spectroscopy is used, because in this case a
minimum of consumables is required and a wide circle of substances
can be identied organic and many inorganic compounds.
3. For the research of the paint and varnish materials and products
from them (Tarutina and Pozdniakova, 1986). Microscopic layers
of the paint and varnish materials on carrier objects are among the
most common objects of examination of materials, substances and
867
CUESTIONES POLÍTICAS
Vol. 39 Nº 70 (2021): 862-874
products in the forensic practice. During the pre-trial investigation of
many criminal proceedings, for example, about the trac accidents,
it is necessary to establish the aliation of a signicantly small
number of layers of the paint and varnish coverages to the content
of the paint and varnish coverage of specic cars or other vehicles of
the painted structures and other objects that are inspected and with
which the vehicle has had or may have contact.
The complexity of such studies is related to the analysis of micro quantities
of the researched objects, as well as with many layers and multi-component
of each of the layers of paint and varnish coverage. For the research of paint
and varnish coverings and objects with the traces containing them, it is
necessary to apply a complex of various methods, the most informative of
which is the IR-spectroscopy. This method provides the ability to set the
type of the main component of paint and varnish materials, the ller, and
sometimes the composition of the pigments that is used in the paint. The
special devices are used for this purpose – IR- Fourier spectrometers and
the special devices that allow to obtain the necessary information in the
study of micro particles and microscopic layers.
4. For the establishment the aliation of substances and traces of
substances, as well as gas mixtures to explosives (Kolesnyk and Hora,
2017; Examinations in the legal proceeding of Ukraine: scientic-
train manual, 2015). A comprehensive research of explosives and
products of explosive involves the application of a wide range of
analytical methods, each of which aims to solve individual tasks to
establish certain features or properties of the researched substance.
The most common methods are morphological research methods,
X-ray diraction (X-ray phase) and X-ray uorescence analysis, of
molecular spectroscopy in the infrared region of the spectrum, etc.
5. For the research of toners in the strokes of the printed documents,
the pastes for the ballpoint pens, the colorant markers, etc.
(Examinations in the legal proceeding of Ukraine: scientic-train
manual, 2015: Barannikova, 2017). The research of substance of
toners and other colorants is quite common task that is performed
during the technical research of the documents. It is known that
such substances have a multicomponent composition that is formed
from a polymer base and a large number of inorganic components.
As a result, the analysis of the polymeric component of the substance
is extremely dicult or impossible. In addition, today there is a
tendency to the unify the quality composition of the polymer part
of most toners, and therefore there is a need for their quantitative
analysis. The use of the quantitative method of the IR-Fourier
spectroscopy allows the overcoming these diculties.
868
Iryna Hora, Valeriy Kolesnyk y Oleg Batiuk
Application of Innovative Technologies for Detection and Investigation of Evidence in Criminal
Proceedings
In addition, IR-spectroscopy is an eective method of analysis in case
of examination of synthetic glue, plasticizers, llers, and other polymers
that are used to produce documents. The objects of such researches may be
printed texts that are made on the printers, the copiers or the multifunction
devices for the printing. In such cases, it is important to obtain information
about the chemical composition of the toner in the strokes of the text of the
document.
Using an IR-microscope and a special prex to it, the method of IR-
spectroscopy can be used to hold the research of bers to establish their
group aliation and the implementation of the identication. In addition,
the described method gives the chance to investigate the structures of
crystals, to carry out examination of precious stones of an organogenic
origin (the amber, the pearls, etc.).
3. The main tasks of the using the method of IR-spectroscopy
The research of the IR-spectra of the substances makes it possible to
identify them by the characteristic spectral characteristics (by the position,
the shape, and the intensity of absorption bands), as well as, in the case
of necessary, to determine their quantitative content in the researched
samples. The principle of this method lies in the registration with the help
of the spectrophotometric devices of absorption intensity by the molecules
of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared region of the spectrum. The
recorded and saved image of the spectrum serves as a visual illustrative
material for the conclusion, which is understandable even not to the
professionals.
The registration of the IR-spectrum by means of dispersion or the IR-
Fourier spectrometer and the comparing it with the database allows to
get the reliable result. Such spectrometers belong to the type of the multi-
channel devices, which allows a signicant reduction in the energy costs.
At present, the base of IR-spectra of certain classes of compounds has been
created and is available to the experts, who allow automatically to compare
the spectrum of an unknown substance with already known ones, therefore,
to detect and to identify this substance. The value of the results that are
obtained with IR-Fourier spectrometer is that it is a method of the direct
registration of the bands of the absorption the reection of which is strictly
individual and is characteristic only for this sample.
The main goal of the specied method is that the IR-spectroscopy along
with many other instrumental methods allows the most unambiguous
interpretation of the results, which are received during the expert study in
the judicial process. The advantages of the method of the IR-spectroscopy
with conversion using both classical and IR- Fourier spectrographs are
869
CUESTIONES POLÍTICAS
Vol. 39 Nº 70 (2021): 862-874
the high resolution of devices, the wide area of registration of a spectrum
and the small time for its registration, possibility of registration of weak
signals, the constructive presence in the device or possibility of connection
of the electronic computer for the work management and the xing of the
necessary results. In many cases, only the IR-spectrum can be used to infer
the properties of the object that is analyzed
The signicant advantages of the application of this method are that:
- the IR-spectroscopy is used in the research of various substances,
most often due to its versatility, the possibilities of the direct and
independent identication a number of important functional groups
and structural fragments in small quantities of the test substance in
any aggregate state and without any signicant restrictions on the
physicochemical properties of the sample.
• in the process of measurements, especially during the
application of modern high-performance console and devices,
there is no destruction and loss of the test sample as material
evidence in the criminal proceedings.
• the wide application of this method is due to high enough
sensitivity, accuracy, speed, and for the holding complete
analysis by the method of IR-spectroscopy, the expert must
spend less time and a minimum of the consumable items.
• the result of the analysis is understood for all participants in
the process that satises the requirements, which are required
for scientic research methods during forensic examinations.
• the application of the IR-spectroscopy will give the opportunity
signicantly to reduce the time and cost of holding of
examinations.
4. The conditions of application of the method of IR-
spectroscopy by the court expert
The modern equipment provides the court expert with the widest
possible possibilities for the analysis of all samples as objects of the expert
research, however, qualitative analysis of samples is related to the quality of
preliminary preparation of the sample. That is why the eorts of developers
of devices for the IR-spectrometry and methodological support for working
with them are aimed at minimizing the preparatory stage, providing the
possibility of the holding of rapid analysis of the samples, which is especially
relevant for use in the course of holding of operational and investigative
measures and covert investigative (search) actions. The general rule of the
870
Iryna Hora, Valeriy Kolesnyk y Oleg Batiuk
Application of Innovative Technologies for Detection and Investigation of Evidence in Criminal
Proceedings
application the method of IR-spectroscopy is that any corrections during
the study must be applied very carefully, always preserving the original
spectrum.
Because of processing of samples, it is impossible to break the unique
for each substance ratio of intensity of absorption bands and their form,
care must be taken not to inadvertently destroy the absorption peaks that
are inherent in the test substance. It is also necessary to take into account
that all search algorithms are constructed in such a way that the factor of
coincidence is inuenced rst of all by peaks of the greatest intensity and
area, that’s why, in the nding it is expedient to divide the spectrum under
analysis into sub bands depending on the amplitude and width of the peaks,
and then compare the obtained results (Ezevskaya and Bublikova, 2006;
Tanasevich, 2012)
For the researcher and the procedural persons who involved the expert,
the expected results from the process of the application of this method are
that it will facilitate this.
In the case of improving the base of instruments, software, and the
emergence of more high-precision IR-spectrometers, it is possible to use
this method to explore new objects. The use of this method in the application
of ‘non-classical’ for IR- Fourier spectroscopy of the far wave and near wave
regions of the spectrum is promising, in addition, both in qualitative and
quantitative analysis, in the study of samples of pharmaceutical products
during the holding forensic, forensic pharmacological examinations,
as well as for the research of petroleum products in soils, water, other
environments and natural deposits during the implementation of the
forensic environmental examination etc. (Rudniev et al., 2013).
The research in the near wave region of the IR-spectrum will allow
the use of this method for remote detection of particles of the explosive
substance in the air, on the surface of the soil or on individual objects, which
creates conditions for safe work of the specialist with the explosive objects
during the inspection of the scene or the holding of expert examination.
The application of quantitative analysis by the method of IR-spectroscopy
will give opportunity signicantly to reduce the time of the holding of the
dicult examinations, and the provision of analysis of near and far wave
areas will allow to more accurately determine the chemical composition
of the studied objects, therefore it will reduce the number of probable
conclusions and conclusions in the form of ‘it is not possible to establish’ in
relation to the categorical conclusions of the expert.
871
CUESTIONES POLÍTICAS
Vol. 39 Nº 70 (2021): 862-874
5. The algorithm of application of the method of IR-
spectroscopy
The general conditions for the holding of structural analysis of any
substances on their IR-spectra is the need of the receiving of the high-
quality spectrograms, which accurately transmit the position and contour
of the absorption bands, do not have distortions caused by incorrect choice
of spectrum capture conditions and unreliable condition of the applied
equipment.
The samples that are researched, may be in a liquid, solid, gaseous
aggregate state. They can be organic or inorganic, however, it should be
borne in mind that inorganic substances sometimes do not give the clear
expressed spectra. Due to the fact that the physical state of the sample can
strongly aect the IR-spectrum, in each case of the holding of research it
is necessary to determine the hierarchy (the sequence) of methods, which
will be used in the holding of research. The sequence of application of the
methods of research is determined by the types of samples and methods of
their preparation (Kolesnyk and Sapoletova, 2011; Tanasevich, 2012).
The application of the methodic in such sequence can be chosen for the
liquid sample: 1) the solution; 2) the undiluted liquid in a thin cuvette, if the
liquid is insoluble; 3) the liquid that is compressed between the salt plates,
the so-called ‘the liquid lm’, ‘the crushed drop’.
Such a sequence is desirable to be used for the powders, bulk, and solid
samples: 1) the solution; 2) suspension in the Vaseline oil; 3) the tablets
with KBr.
6. The algorithm for holding of the research of samples of the
liquid compounds
The samples in the form of oil or other liquid are applied with a lm on
plates of transparent material (for example, KBr, NaCl). The thickness of
the absorption layer is usually set from 0,005 to 0,1 mm.
The infrared spectra can be measured for the solutions. Since there
are no solvents that are transparent to the whole part of the spectrum, the
IR-spectra of the solutions are usually taken only for narrow zones. The
measurements are performed in special hermetically sealed cuvettes, which
have the form of plates that are xed in a metal form. The inuence of air,
which may interfere with the holding of measurements, is eliminated by
vacuum treatment of the device or purging it with the Nitrogen.
872
Iryna Hora, Valeriy Kolesnyk y Oleg Batiuk
Application of Innovative Technologies for Detection and Investigation of Evidence in Criminal
Proceedings
7. The algorithm for holding of the research of solid substance
1. A sample of the test substance for analysis must be pre-dried without
the use of high temperatures and prepared in an inert atmosphere in
an amount of from 0,5 to 3 mg.
2. The exemption of the substance and preparation of a sample of the
test for research is carried out in a special box.
3. The preparation of solid samples for the registration of their infrared
spectra is carried out in two ways.
A) The suspension method is the grinding of the sample to
a micronized state (the particle size 2-7 mkm) and the
preparation of a suspension in an immersion liquid with a
refractive index that is close to the sample. In addition, as the
matrix, Vaseline oil that is uorinated or a chlorinated oil is
usually used. The resulting translucent paste is applied with
a spatula on a window that is made of optical material in the
form of a thin uniform lm.
B) The compression of tablets with alkali metal halides can be
considered as the main and universal way of the preparation
of tests. It consists in thorough mixing in a mortar of the
crushed sample with pre-dried from moisture powder KBr
(the potassium bromide) and the next pressing the resulting
mixture in a press mold. The result is a clear or semi-
transparent tablet as a sample of the test for the research. The
note: drying of potassium bromide should be carried out at
a temperature of ≈ 600
о
C for at least 6 hours and store it in
an inert atmosphere. The method of compression of tablets
with KBr and researched samples should be carried out for
those samples that are insoluble in conventional solvents, are
amorphous or have a stable crystalline structure and do not
contain ions that are exchangeable.
8. The algorithm for holding of the research of gases
In most cases, there are no problems with the preparation of gaseous
samples of the substance. However, it should be noted in mind that for
aggressive gases and liquid vapors it is necessary to use cuvettes that are
made of special inert materials, as other materials can contaminate the
researched samples.
The pressure in the cuvettes is brought to atmospheric by the dry
nitrogen, which increases the sensitivity to the number of components and
873
CUESTIONES POLÍTICAS
Vol. 39 Nº 70 (2021): 862-874
allows holding accurate quantitative measurements. In several cases, for
example, for the study of a polluted atmosphere, etc., high sensitivity is
important and then use gas cuvettes with a large length of the optical way.
The residual amounts of harmful, toxic fumes, gaseous explosive mixtures
are adsorbed on the wood charcoal in adsorption tubes and are treated with
a solvent for identication by the IR-spectrum.
These are the main possibilities and the most common in the practice
of forensic examination are cases of using the method of IR-spectroscopy
for the research of individual objects during the committing of criminal
proceedings for the collection by the investigator, the prosecutor, the side
of defense and the evaluation of collected evidence by the court.
Conclusions
The innovations as the introduction of the new ideas, of new methodic
in the forensic research, the introduction them into the practice of the work
of expert institutions and departments is capable of not only improve the
level of scientic and technical support of expert and forensic practice,
but also contributes to improves the quality of expert research, raises the
level of condence in the correctness and validity of the conclusions that
has been made by the expert. The ample opportunities for the research of
many objects of forensic examination has the use of the method of the IR-
spectrometry as a modern and advanced method of physical researches
of various traces, substances, objects as objects of organic and inorganic
origin, even in the very small quantities. The knowledge of the investigator
and the court of their nature, essence and composition often becomes
an important element of evidence in the criminal proceedings. Not only
experts as specialists, but also investigators, prosecutors, judges, lawyers
as procedural persons should know about the possibilities and procedure
of the using such a method, by whose hands justice is administered and on
which the observance of the rights of participants in the proceedings during
its committing.
Bibliographic References
BARANNIKOVA, Iryna. 2017. “A method of IR-Fourier is spectroscopes in
judicial examination and prospects of his use” In: Theory and practice of
judicial examination. Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 85-91.
EXAMINATIONS IN THE LEGAL PROCEEDING OF UKRAINE. 2015.
Scientic-train manual. Kyiv, Ukraine.
874
Iryna Hora, Valeriy Kolesnyk y Oleg Batiuk
Application of Innovative Technologies for Detection and Investigation of Evidence in Criminal
Proceedings
EZEVSKAYA, Tetiana; BUBLIKOV, Aleksandr. 2006. “Preparation of tests and
methods of research of dierent objects on IR-Fourier spectrometer
with prexes, including an IR-microscope and MNPVO, during the lead
through of criminalistics examinations” In: Expert-criminalist. Vol. 06,
No. 12, pp. 114-122.
HORA, Iryna. 2016. Judicial examinations in the eld of medicine, pharmaceutics
and bioethics. In the book: Persons: medicine, pharmaceutics, bioethics:
scientic monograph. Kiev, Ukraine.
KOLESNYK, Iryna; SAPOLETOVA, Nina. 2011. Infra-red spectroscopy.
Methodical development. Moscow, Russia.
KOLESNYK, Valeriy; HORA, Iryna. 2017. “Criminalistics is in counteraction the
illegal use of explosive devices” In: Shooting iron and to the turn of drugs.
Kyiv, Ukraine.
LITVIN, Bohdan. 2009. Physical methods of research of organic matters: a
train aid. Ivano-Francovsk. Odesa, Ukraine.
MAKSIUTINA, Nina; KAGAN, Fedir; KIRICHENKO, Lyudmyla;
MITCHENKO, Fedir. 1984. Methods of analysis of medications.
Zdorov’ya. Kyiv, Ukraine.
RUDNIEV, Vasyl; KLIMCHUK, Aleksandr; PROKOPENKO, Aleksei;
KARNOZHITSKYI, Pavlo. 2013. “Individualizing signs of products from
oil as aggregate of physical and chemical properties and component
composition” In: Theory and practice of judicial examination. No. 13, pp.
295-300.
TARASEVICH, Borys. 2012. Bases IR spectroscopes with transformation of
Fourier. Preparation of tests in IR spectroscopes. Moscow, Russia.
TARUTINA, Liudmyla; POZDNIAKOVA, Faina. 1986. Spectrology of polymers.
Chemistry. Leningrad, Russia.
www.luz.edu.ve
www.serbi.luz.edu.ve
www.produccioncienticaluz.org
Esta revista fue editada en formato digital y publicada
en octubre de 2021, por el Fondo Editorial Serbiluz,
Universidad del Zulia. Maracaibo-Venezuela
Vol.39 Nº 70