https://doi.org/10.52973/rcfcv-e34348
Received:20/10/2023 Accepted: 26/12/2023 Published: 06/01/2024
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Revista Científica, FCV-LUZ / Vol. XXXIV, rcfcv-e34348
ABSTRACT
Senecio perralderianus belongs to the family of Asteraceae and is
only found in Algeria. Some species of this family are used to heal
gastrointestinal issues in conventional medicine for their antioxidant
and anti-inammatory properties. This research was performed
in order to determine if methanolic extract from the leaves of S.
perralderianus had any protective effects on gastroenteritis brought
on by alcohol consumption. Wistar rats were fed with 100% ethanol
orally to induce gastric ulcer, and pre-treated with 50, 100, and 200
mg·kg
-1
of the extract in addition to 5 mg·kg
-1
of Ranitidine as a positive
reference drug. The extract had shown a positive effect to protect
ethanol-induced gastric ulcers with a protection percentage of 71
to 88%. In addition, pretreatment of rats signicantly increased
levels of GSH, CAT, and SOD in vivo as non-enzymatic and enzymatic
antioxidants, and also reduced the level of lipid peroxidation.
Histopathological sections, which showed the action of the
therapeutic extract, substantially conrmed these ndings on the
reduction of the inammation zone and the reduction of immune cell
ltration caused by ethanol toxicity with increased extract dosages
compared to Ranitidine. The antiulcer activity is due to inhibition of
oxidative stress and gastritis. It is associated with a total polyphenol,
avonoids, chlorophyll (a, b), and carotenoids substantial amounts.
Key words: Senecio perralderianus; methanol extract; gastric ulcer;
oxidative stress
RESUMEN
Senecio perralderianus pertenece a la familia Asteraceae y se
encuentra únicamente en Argelia. Algunas especies de esta familia
se utilizan para curar problemas gastrointestinales en la medicina
convencional por sus propiedades antioxidantes y antiinamatorias.
Esta investigación se llevó a cabo para determinar si el extracto
metanólico de las hojas de S. perralderianus tenía efectos protectores
sobre la gastroenteritis causada por el consumo de alcohol. Las
Wistar ratas fueron ingeridas por vía oral con etanol al 100 % por vía
oral para inducir úlcera gástrica y fueron pretratadas con 50; 100 y
200 mg·kg
-1
del extracto, además de 5 mg·kg
-1
de Ranitidina como
fármaco de referencia positivo. El extracto había demostrado un
efecto positivo para proteger las úlceras gástricas inducidas por
el etanol con un porcentaje de protección del 71 al 88 %. Además,
el pretratamiento de ratas aumentó signicativamente los niveles
de GSH, CAT y SOD in vivo como antioxidantes no enzimáticos y
enzimáticas, y también redujo el nivel de peroxidación de lípidos.
Las secciones histopatológicas, que mostraron la acción del extracto
terapéutico, conrmaron sustancialmente estos hallazgos sobre la
reducción de la zona de inamación y la disminución de ltración
de células inmunes causada por la toxicidad del etanol con dosis de
extractos aumentadas en comparación con la Ranitidina. La actividad
antiúlcera se debe a la inhibición del estrés oxidativo y la gastritis.
Se asocia con un total de polifenoles, avonoides, clorola (a, b), y
carotenoides cantidades sustanciales.
Palabras clave: Senecio perralderianus; extracto de metanol; úlcera
gástrica; estrés oxidativo
Preventing ethanol-induced stomach ulcers in rats using Senecio
perralderianus leaf extract
Prevención de úlceras estomacales inducidas por etanol en ratas utilizando
extracto de hoja de Senecio perralderianus
Walid Mamache
1
, Hassiba Benabdallah
2
, Ahlem Hannachi
1
, Amel Boukabes
1
, Amor Bencheikh
4
, Abderrahim Benslama
3
* , Hind Amira
2
,
Fatima Bencheikh
2
, Smain Amira
2
1
University of Setif, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of applied phytotherapy to chronic diseases. Setif, Algeria.
2
University of Setif, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, Department of physiology and animal biology, Laboratory of applied phytotherapy to chronic diseases. Setif, Algeria.
3
University of Msila, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology. Msila, Algeria.
4
University of Setif, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, Department of physiology and animal biology, Laboratory of applied microbiology. Setif, Algeria.
*Corresponding author: abderrahim.benslama@univ-msila.dz
FIGURE 1. Botanic aspect of Senecio perralderianus. The plant appears in small
tall of 4 to 15 cm, not very leafy, with a very frail appearance, it is characterised
by composite owers and alternate, toothed leaves
Senecio perralderianus leaf extract protects against ethanol-induced rat ulcers / Mamache et al. _________________________________
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INTRODUCTION
Many diseases and health problems can affect the digestive
system and the nature of its work (related to digestion). These health
problems can affect various parts of the system, especially the large
intestine, micro intestines, stomach, oesophagus, and digestive
accessories. They range in severity from severe or minor disorders
of short duration, such as mild cases of heartburn, to severe or
chronic disorders that can be life-threatening in some cases, such
as perforating ulcers.
Duodenal and gastric ulcers are also the most common chronic
diseases for years, these two primary forms of gastrointestinal ulcers
represent the general term for open contractions in the upper part
of the digestive tract, mainly affecting the duodenum's rst segment
(bulb) and the stomach's mucosa, where the involvement of acid
and pepsin in the disease is essential [1]. This accompanies many
different symptoms, which in some cases can be very alarming,
causing many people to suffer, such as abdominal bloating, diarrhea,
and constipation [2]. Chlorhydro-peptic aggressiveness and defensive
processes (mucosal barrier) are out of balance, which causes peptic
ulcers at a specic point [3]. This disruption is caused by many
internal and external causal factors that modulate the aggression/
defence balance, including smoking, stress, diet and alcohol [4].
For this reason, many people are turning to herbal remedies, which
has led to several studies in recent years on how herbs used in
traditional medicine affect biology to protect the gastrointestinal
tract, increasing the antiulcer and anti-inammatory culinary and
medicinal plant activities.
Complications of peptic ulcer, however, did not decrease, according
to systematic reviews and meta-analyses (18 European, American
and Palestinian studies, more than 1,000 people per study). Older
population comorbidities, more frequent consumption of ulcer
medications may help [1, 5]. In Algeria, some botanical and natural
products are used to treat inammatory diseases, including gastric
ulcers and diarrhea [6]. The genus Senecio, where 18 species,
including 5 endemic species, are recorded to Algeria [7]. According
to locals, Senecio perralderianus, in folk medicine; used to treat
cough, asthma and bronchitis [8]. S. perralderianus is found only in
Algeria at an altitude of 1,900 m in the mountain ranges of Babor in
the Northern tip of Sétif and in the mountains of Djurdjura between
the States of Tizi-Ouzou, Bouira and Bejaia (Kabylie mountain range),
both mountains are located in Northern Algeria [9]. However, to
the present knowledge, no report is available on anti-inammatory
and antioxidant properties of S. perralderianus. In this regard, this
study's goal is to perform a further assessment the antiulcer effect
of the methanolic extract of S. perralderianus using in vivo and ex
vivo methods. An investigation was conducted on S. perralderianus
extract's ability to prevent ethanol-induced stomach ulcers by
calculating the ulcer surface, studying tissue sections and examining
the content of gastrointestinal mucus, proteins and glutathione, lipid
peroxidation and catalase activity.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Animals
The Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) weighing around 150 and 155
g were used in the in vivo experiments. Before the experiment, they
were starved for 17 hours (h) and they were deprived of water for
about 1 h before the experiment.
Plant material
The harvest of the medicinal plant S. perralderianus was carried
out in spring of 2019 (March) by Dr. Benchikh A. and Dr. Mamache W
(FIG. 1), from the mountain ranges of Babor in the Northern tip of Setif
at an altitude of 1,536 and 1,900 m and was identied by Pr. Laouer
H. (University of Setif 1). The impurities were removed, the leaves
were isolated and dried for ten days in the open air and in the dark.
Methanolic extract preparation
Through maceration, the methanolic extract was produced of 150g
of plant powder with 1 L of 80% methanol. During 72 h, the mixture
was mixed daily in the dark at room temperature. After ltration, the
ltrate was vacuum-concentrated using a BUCHI rotavap at 40°C. The
resulting extract was followed full drying at 37°C [10].
Ethanol-induced gastric injury
One hour after administering the test solution, ethanol (100%)
was administered orally to promote ulcers in the stomach [11]. Four
distinct sets of male Wistar rats were established (n=8 each). The dose
of 50mg·kg
-1
,100 mg·kg
-1
and 200 mg·kg
-1
(dissolved in 0.9% NaCl) of
plant extract were ingested one hour prior to gavage with 0.5 mL of
ethanol. Untreated rats (negative control group) were received only
0.9% NaCl in the same manner. Rats received Ranitidine 5 mg·kg
-1
in
addition to ethanol were considerate as positive control group. 30min
later, animals were cervical dislocated and killed. The stomach was
cut out after a ventro-medial laparotomy, then, the stomach was
excavated and opened following the larger curvature, ushed with
0.9% NaCl, and spread out on a tray. The Image J 1.52o software
(Wayne Rasband, NIH, USA) was used to identify the lesion area.
Percentages of ulceration (%) and protection are calculated as
follows:
(%)Ulceration
Totalarea
Ulceratedarea
=
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(%)
(%)
(%
)(
%)
Protection
Ulceration negaticecontrol
Ulceration negativecontrol Ulceration tratment
=
-
Preparation of histological sections
For classical histological studies, the preparation of thin sections
for observation under light microscopy (OPTIKAB353A, OPTIKA s.r.l.,
Italy) is performed in several steps: sampling, xation, post-xation,
dehydration and circulation, coating, sectioning, handling, staining,
nal assembly and observation under the microscope.
The xative liquid used to immerse the specimen in current practice
is 10% formalin aldehyde for 24 h, after which the sectioned hip is
placed in it (24 h). The specimen was passed through alcohol baths of
increasing concentration (from 50° alcohol to 100° absolute alcohol),
then through xylene baths for thinning or toluene, then through
kerosene for impregnation (58°C) for 24 h. Inclusion (Coating) the
sample is bathed in molten kerosene is poured into a small metal mold
(KARTELL LABWARE® 2923, Italy) (heated to 56 °C) therefore became
liquid and then inltrates the entire piece. After cooling to obtain a
hard kerosene block then roughing (demoulding and trimming to have
a parallel edge cutting font, then passed the block to the microtome,
which can produce slices with a thickness of 5 μm, arranged regularly
strips (ribbon shape).
After having undergone a dehydration (by alcohol baths of
increasing degrees then toluene baths), the colored sections are
mounted between slide and lamella with a synthetic resin whose
refractive index is close to that of glass.
Ex vivo antioxidant activity
After sacrice, in order to produce a 10% (w/v) homogenate, the
glandular section of the stomach part was weighed and homogenized
in a 50 mM (Tris-HCl) solution (pH 7.4). The resulting homogenate
was centrifuged for 15 min at 4000 G (Sigma 3-30K, Germany), and
the supernatant was collected and kept at -20 °C until it was utilized
for the following parameters: estimated total protein content, lipid
peroxidation (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT) and
superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity.
Total gastric protein content
The total gastric protein content was assessed according to Gornall,
Bardawill [12] method, Using a biuret kit (BIOLABO LP87016, Italy).
Briey, 1 mL of the Biuret reactant was combined with 25 µL of the
standard (BSA) or stomach homogenate, and the resulting mixture was
incubated for 10 min in the dark at room temperature. The absorbance
was then measured at 540 nm. Using this equation, concentration
of total protein was estimated:
(. )Totalprotein mg mL
Absstandard
Absassay
100
1
#
=
-
cm
n: concentration of used standard.
Estimation of lipid peroxidation
The lipid peroxidation of gastric tissue was evaluated by measuring
the content of Malon dialdehyde (MDA) formed using the Ohkawa,
Ohishi [13] method of. The principle of this reaction is that MDA reacts
with Thio barbituric acid (TBA) in acidic medium at high temperature
to form a coloured pink complex of MDA-TAB. Briey, TCA (20%) and
0.250 mL of TBA (0.067%) are combined with 0.125 mL of tissue
homogenate. The mixture was heated for 15 min in 100°C, immediately
cooled in an ice bath, and then centrifuged for 15 min at 1,006 G (Sigma
3-30K, Germany) while 4 mL of n-butanol was added. The clear fraction
of the supernatant's absorbance was measured in comparison to
a blank (Shimadzu™ UV 1800 Spectrophotometer, Japan). Using
the molecular absorption coecient, the MDA concentration was
determined (ɛ of MDA-TBA: 156 mM
-1
·cm
-1
). Results are presented as
nmol of MDA/g tissue
Determination of reduced glutathione
Using Ellman [14] approach, the reduced glutathione (GSH) content
was determined. In this test, GSH is being oxidized by 5,5'-dithiobis
(2-nitrobenzoic) acid (DTNB) (Ellman reagent). To form 2-nitro-5-
thiobenzoic acid (TNB), which is highly coloured and signicantly
absorbs at 412 nm. 10 mL of phosphate buffer solution (pH 8, 0.1M)
were used to dilute 50 µL of tissue homogenate. After 5 min of
incubation (at laboratory temperature), the absorbance of 3 mL of
the diluted homogenate solution mixed with 20 µl of DTNB (0.01 M)
was measured (Shimadzu™ UV 1800 Spectrophotometer, Japan). The
MDA concentration was estimated using the coecient of molecular
absorption (ɛNBT: 13.6.103 M
-1
·cm
-1
). Results are presented as nmol
of GSH/g tissue.
Estimation of catalase activity
With slight adjustments, the Clairborne [15] technique was used to
assess catalase (CAT) activity. The idea behind this test is based on how
hydrogen peroxide breaks down when catalase is present. In a quartz
cuvette (Bitomic, USA), 50 µL of homogenate was combined with 2.9
mL of H
2
O
2
(19 mM) in a phosphate buffer solution (50 mM, pH 7.4). Using
the molecular absorption coecient (ɛH
2
O
2
: 43.6 M
-1
·cm
-1
), the rate of
H
2
O
2
breakdown was measured spectrophotometrically (Shimadzu™
UV 1800 Spectrophotometer, Japan) at 240 nm every 15 s for 1 min.
The enzyme activity was then reported as nmol of H
2
O
2
·min
-1
·mg
-1
.
Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity.
Based on Gao, Yuan [16] report, SOD activity was estimated by the
ability of the enzyme to prevent pyrogallol auto-oxidation. 5 µL of the
supernatant was mixed with 10 µ of pyrogallol and 1 mL of Tris HCl
buffer solution (pH 8.2, 50 mM). Measurement the rise in absorbance
at 420 nm (Shimadzu™ UV 1800 Spectrophotometer, Japan) every 30
s for one min in comparison to the control was applied. SOD activity
is dened as using the molecular absorption coecient (ɛ pyrogallol:
2.47 mM
-1
·cm
-1
).
Statistical analyses
All samples were analyzed 3 times (ex vivo), whereas 40 animals (8
rats in each group) were used for in vivo experiments. Results were
expressed as mean ± SD or SEM of ex vivo or in vivo tests, respectively,
and were analyzed by ANOVA one-way followed by Tukey's test with
GraphPad Prism Software (V 8.0). Multiple comparisons of variances
ANOVA were used to analyse the results. P value <0.05 or less was
taken as signicantly different.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Anti-ulcer activity
Macroscopic analysis showed that animals that received 100%
ethanol showed consistent macroscopic lesions manifested by loss of
FIGURE 2. Eect of Senecio perraldarianus on appearance of gastric mucosa in ethanol-induced gastric ulcer. 1: Negative group; 2: Ethanol 100%; 3: Ranitidine 5 mg·kg
-1
.
6, 5, 4: extract (200, 100 and 50 mg·kg
-1
)
FIGURE 3. Histopathological evaluation of protective eect of Senecio perralderianus extract against gastric ulcer induced by the ethanol (magnication x 100).1: Negative
group, 2: Ethanol 100%, 3: Ranitidine 5 mg·kg
-1
, 6, 5, 4 the extract: (200, 100 and 50 mg·kg
-1
). Red arrow: epithelial barrier damage. Black arrow: inltration of inammatory
cells. Orange arrow: erythrocytes
Senecio perralderianus leaf extract protects against ethanol-induced rat ulcers / Mamache et al. _________________________________
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normal color and mucus and the presence of petechiae, hemorrhages.
This damage can be mitigated by administering different doses of
extract. Pretreatment of rats with S. perralderianus leaves methanol
extract at different doses reduced ethanol-induced damage (FIG. 2).
These results were conrmed by histopathology analysis. In rats,
haemorrhagic lesions of the gastric mucosa, inltration, and signs
of inammation were reduced in rats treated at doses of 100–200
mg·kg
-1
of the extract (FIG. 3).
1
4 5
6
2
3
1
4 5
6
2
3
Oral administration the extract with different doses of induces
signicant protection ranging from 71 to 88% and comparable to that
of Ranitidine 5 mg·kg
-1
(79.25 ± 3.87%, P>0.05, (FIG. 4) a protection of
88.22 ± 3.44% and 71.48 ± 3.45 (n=8) was observed following the use
of 200 and 100 mg·kg
-1
, respectively. No signicant difference was
recorded when comparing the different types of extracts.
Induction of ulcer by ethanol by oral administration causes
destruction of gastric wall and signicant inammatory inltration;
acute gastritis in muscular mucosa and submucosa, appearance
of inammatory cells (polynuclear, neutrophils). Observation of
histological sections in the presence of extract showed that the
200 mg·kg
-1
dose induced a decrease in migration of lymphocytes
and immune cells in comparison with the 50-100 mg·kg
-1
doses, and
similar to that of Ranitidine (FIG. 3).
The ethanol gavage model in rodents has been widely used to test the
ecacy of drugs and explore the mechanism of gastric ulcer. Because
consuming ethanol damages the body (ulceration), animal models
typically employ ethanol to cause stomach ulcers [11]. Superoxide anions
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FIGURE 4. Eect of Senecio perralderianus extract (SPM) on the gastric mucosa
in the gastric ulcer induced by the ethanol. ns: not signicant, (n=8)
FIGURE 5. Eect of Senecio perralderianus extract on lipid peroxidation. Results
are represented as mean % ± SEM (***P≤0.003) vs Control, 200 and 100 mg·kg
-1
dose (# P≤0.05) vs Ranitidine, ns: not signicant
FIGURE 6. Effect of Senecio Perralderianus on GSH level. The results are
represented as mean % ± SEM (***P≤0.002) vs Control, dose 50 mg·kg
-1
(# P≤0.05)
vs Ranitidine, ns: not signicant, (n=8)
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and hydro peroxide radicals, which are by-products of metabolism of
the ethanol, are responsible for these effects [17]. In the present study,
administration of absolute ethanol to rats induces macroscopic lesions
of gastric tissue, such as petechiae, hemorrhages. These lesions are
probably related to the depletion of venous and arterial mucus in the
gastric mucosa, leading to hemorrhage, inammation, and shrinkage
of tissue lesions [18]. S. brasiliensis has ulcer reducing activity due to
the presence of alkaloids (senecionine, seneciphylline), Prostaglandin
[19]. Oral administration of ethanol resulted in the induction of a severe
inammatory reaction marked by a large migration of inammatory
cells. This response may be due to pepsin secretion and increased
PGE2 synthesis, leading to leukocyte recruitment by increased levels
of various pro-inammatory cytokines, and increased expression of
COX2 and nuclear factor κB [20, 21].
In this study, the anti-inammatory results may be due to the
amount of phenolic compounds such as the presence of quercetin
and caffeic acid in the genus Senecio [22]. Quercetin decreases the
production levels of NO, PGE2, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β and causes increased
in production of IL-10 and TGF-β. Similarly, it inhibits inammatory
reaction by reducing COX-2i and NOS enzymes expression, reducing
cellular ROS, and inhibiting the activation of the NF-κβ signaling
pathway in the macrophages [23, 24]. The caffeic acid can act on
multiple cellular protective mechanisms, leading to anti-inammatory
and antioxidant effects by decreasing IL-1β and NF-κB production
and contrasting oxidative/nitrosative damage [25].
When calculating the total protein value, it did not nd a signicant
effect, but other experiments have announced a gastro protective
effect against ethanol induced ulcer such as the plant S. candicans [26].
Ex vivo antioxidant activity
In rat stomach homogenate, oxidative stress indicators such as lipid
peroxidation, SOD, CAT, and GSH were assessed. Lipid peroxidation
and MDA content were decreased following the use of the deferent
dose of the extract as dose dependent manner. Furthermore,
pre-treatment of rats by the different doses of SPM progressively
decreased gastric lipid peroxidation, this activity becoming signicant
from the 200 mg·kg
-1
dose only to reach 6.39 ± 1.56 nmole·g
-1
of tissue
(P<0.0003, n=8). Ranitidine 5 mg·kg
-1
showed a weak effect when
compared with the 100-200 mg·kg
-1
doses (P<0.05) and (P<0.0001,
n=8), respectively (FIG. 5). Treatment of rats with SPM extract with
deferent doses induces an increase in GSH level for the 50 mg·kg
-1
dose only 42.12 ± 2.7 µmol.mg
-1
(P≤0.02, n=8). This content decreases
to 28.53 ± 2.74 (P<0.05) and 31.36 ± 1.4 (P>0.05) and µmol·mg
-1
for the
200 and 100 mg·kg
-1
, respectively. Similarly, a GSH content is obtained
with Ranitidine is comparable to that of 100 and 200 mg·kg
-1
(P>0.05)
but lower than that of the 50 mg·kg
-1
dose (P≤0.04) (FIG. 6).
Treatment of rats with extract induced a slight (P>0.05) and non-dose
dependent increase in catalase activity to 50.78 ± 2.45 nmol·mg
-1
·min
-1
for the 200 mg·kg
-1
dose. The catalase activity observed with the extract
FIGURE 7. Eect of Senecio perralderianus extract on catalase activity. ns: not
signicant, (n=8)
FIGURE 8. Eect of methanolic extract of Senecio perralderianus on SOD activity.
Results are represented as mean % ± SEM, ns: not signicant, (n=8)
Senecio perralderianus leaf extract protects against ethanol-induced rat ulcers / Mamache et al. _________________________________
6 of 8
doses was comparable to that obtained with Ranitidine (P>0.05). No
signicant effect was recorded when comparing the different doses
of extract (FIG. 7).
The result revealed a significant increase (P≤0.0208) in SOD
activity upon treatment with Ranitidine and ethanol. The SOD
activity observed with extract doses is decreased to 19.56 ± 2.75 and
15.55 ± 2.23 nmol·mg
-1
·min
-1
(n=8) for 100 and 200 mg·kg
-1
, respectively.
No signicant difference is recorded when comparing the different
extract doses (P>0.05) (FIG. 8).
The results of this study reveal that ethanol ingestion induces
significant oxidative stress, which results in increased lipid
peroxidation and decreased intracellular antioxidants such as
GSH, CAT or SOD. On the other hand, administration of different
doses of S. perralderianus resulted in an increase in CAT activity,
an increase in GSH content and a signicant decrease in gastric
lipid peroxidation. However, the plasma MDA content was elevated
following pre-treatment with ethanol extract of S. Serratuloides in
the arterial hypertension model [27]. In the CCl
4
-induced oxidative
model conducted by Okoro and Kadiri [28] using the aqueous extract
of S. Biafrae roots demonstrated an increase in GSH content, an
intensication in the enzymatic activity of CAT and SOD; with a strong
reduction in MDA content in the time, suggesting an in vivo antioxidant
activity. Moreover, in the streptozocin-induced diabetes model the
ethanolic extract of S. petasitis showed a remarkable increase for CAT
and a decrease in MDA content [29]. Based on the previous results,
the antiulcer activity of methanol extract extract was probably related
to its ex-vivo antioxidant activity.
Previous studies have shown the significant role of natural
avonoids of avanol type against ulcer, in this context quercetin,
kaempferol, rutin (sophorin) are the best examples, the latter possess
the aglycone form, all sharing the same basic structure formed by two
aromatic rings connected by three carbons, its most often meet in
the form of glycosides, and are known by their antiulcer property [30,
31]. Furthermore, polyphenols such as ellagic acid, gallic acid, caffeic
acid in the same activities [32, 33, 34] these compounds are the major
constituents of the studied plants of the genus Senecio [22, 35].
CONCLUSIONS
The results exhibited that different doses of extract of S.
perralderianus reduced ethanol-induced gastric ulcer due to its anti-
inammatory and antioxidant effects, and has a comparable anti-ulcer
effect to Ranitidine. Compared to the negative reference, the oxidative
markers in digestive system of treated rats showed an increase in a
non-concentration dependent manner, such as GSH, CAT, SOD, as well
as a reduction in MDA levels. The anti-inammatory activity showed
that S. perralderianus has a marked inhibitory effect on reducing
the inltration of mononuclear inammatory cells in mucosal areas.
Conict of interest statement
We declare that there is no conict of interest.
Ethical approval
This study was following European Union Guidelines (2010/63/
EU) approved by the Committee of the Algerian Association of
Experimental Animal Sciences (88-08/1988).
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