This scientic publication in digital format is a continuation of the Printed Review: Legal Deposit pp 196802ZU42, ISSN 0378-7818.
Hernández and Guerrero Rev. Fac. Agron. (LUZ). 2023, 40 (Supplement): e2340Spl075-6 |
of various aquaculture components have been claimed to be biological
indicators of shrimp health status (Zhang et al., 2014).
Conclusion
The ecosystem approach is fundamental to understanding the
complex interactions in semi-intensive P. vannamei culture systems.
This study highlights the importance of analyzing the interrelationship
between biotic and abiotic factors, using phytoplankton and
zooplankton as key bioindicators of water quality and trophic
conditions. The crucial role of these planktonic communities in shrimp
diet and nutrient regulation is discussed in detail. In addition, strategies
to maintain a benecial balance in phytoplankton communities and to
address challenges related to primary productivity are discussed. The
ecosystem approach provides insight into the complex interactions in
culture systems and ensures their long-term viability, underscoring
the need to properly monitor and manage planktonic communities for
successful and sustainable aquaculture.
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Planktonic lter feeders include protozoans, rotifers and
crustaceans. Some rotifers feed primarily on detritus, while others eat
small algae and bacteria. However, the main planktonic herbivores
are cladocerans (e.g., Daphnia) and copepods, which are generally
lter feeders, although some are rapacious. Individual ltration rates
among planktonic lter feeders vary more than 1000-fold, from 0.02
mL of water on day 1 for small rotifers to more than 30 ml of water on
day 1 for daphnia. Mussels, on the other hand, are the most important
benthic lter feeders that move water through the body cavity,
removing food particles using their gills as a ltering apparatus.
These can become very abundant in culture ponds and generate water
transparency problems due to their ltration volumes (Brönmark and
Hansson, 2017).
Table 3. Filtration rates and preferred food particle size of some
important herbivores (Based on Reynolds 1984).
Filtration rate (mL
-1
) Particle size preference (µm)
Rotifers 0.02 – 0.11 0.5 - 18
Calanoid copepods 2.4 – 21.6 5 - 15
Daphnia (small) 1.0 – 7.6 1 - 24
Daphnia (large) 31 1 - 47
Source: Brönmark & Hansson, (2017).
In aquaculture the presence of bacteria is indispensable due to
natural decomposition processes, especially when abiotic factors
allow the right conditions to be generated. The main factors to be
considered are humidity, temperature (approximately 30 to 35 °C),
ionic potential (pH 7.5 - 8.5 usually optimal), oxygen concentrations
and sucient, easily decomposable substrate.
Bacteria act in a directly proportional relationship to the content
of organic matter available in the medium; therefore, the greater
the supply of nutrients or concentrated feed, the greater will be the
microbial activity. In aquaculture, organic matter accumulates mainly
in the sediment, which is usually degraded almost entirely by bacteria
during the culture period; and there is also another fraction that is
usually retained (Boyd, 2017b).
In addition to the bacteria that fulll their role of degrading,
in recent years shrimp farming has begun to apply in a controlled
manner what is known as probiotics, which are nothing more than
microbial symbiont cells of the gastrointestinal tract of shrimp that
have the role of generating benecial eects in shrimp, such as
improving their immune response to pathogens and also contributing
to increased growth (Trujillo et al., 2017). However, contrary to what
is believed Boyd (2017a) states that the addition of these products
does not guarantee an improvement in water quality in productive
systems.
Currently, a type of technology called Biooc Tecnology
has been incorporated, based on the stimulation of heterotrophic
bacterial communities that can remove excess nutrients, this being its
fundamental principle in which densely grown heterotrophic bacterial
cells conglomerate together and become occulated aggregates
(bioocs), controlling nitrogen concentrations, decreasing the risk of
pathogens, and the bioocs developed serve as natural protein food
for shrimp (Rajeev et al., 2023). Furthermore, bacterial assemblages