Evaluación cinética de la nitrificación y desnitrificación en efluente de matadero de bovinos tratado en un reactor por carga secuencial
Resumen
Los efluentes generados en los mataderos bovinos presentan elevadas concentraciones de materia orgánica y nitrógeno amoniacal, lo que representa un importante desafío debido a su alto potencial contaminante y al riesgo de eutrofización de los cuerpos de agua receptores. En este estudio se analizó la cinética de los procesos de nitrificación y desnitrificación durante el tratamiento de efluentes bovinos empleando un reactor discontinuo secuencial, con el propósito de estimar parámetros cinéticos que aporten al diseño y la optimización de sistemas aplicables a efluentes agroindustriales. El estudio se llevó a cabo a escala de laboratorio mediante un reactor discontinuo secuencial con un volumen total de 4 Litros y un volumen de operación de 2 Litros, operado bajo tres tiempos de ciclo (10, 12 y 16 horas) y una edad del lodo de 25 días. La secuencia de operación en el reactor discontinuo secuencial incluyó fases anaerobia, aerobia y anóxica para favorecer la degradación de materia orgánica y la eliminación biológica de nitrógeno. Durante la operación se monitorearon parámetros fisicoquímicos como demanda química de oxígeno, demanda biológica de oxígeno, nitrógeno total Kjeldahl, nitrógeno bajo la forma amoniacal, nitratos, nitritos, pH, alcalinidad y sólidos suspendidos volátiles del licor mezcla. El efluente crudo presentó altas concentraciones de demanda química de oxígeno (13,453 ± 2,800 mg·L⁻-¹) y nitrógeno total Kjeldahl (589 ± 105 mg·L⁻-¹). El reactor reactor discontinuo secuencial alcanzó eficiencias de remoción superiores al 89 % para la demanda química de oxígeno y entre 71 y 85 % para el nitrógeno total, observándose el mejor desempeño con un tiempo de ciclo de 16 horas. Las tasas cinéticas estimadas fueron de hasta 0,0553 mg N–NO₃⁻- g⁻-¹ SSVLM d⁻-¹ para la nitrificación y 0,1812 mg N–NO₃⁻- g⁻-¹ SSVLM d⁻-¹ para la desnitrificación. Estos resultados evidencian que el reactor reactor discontinuo secuencial constituye una alternativa eficiente para el tratamiento biológico de efluentes bovinos con alta carga orgánica y nitrogenada.
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