Revista Cienfica, FCV-LUZ / Vol. XXXV Recibido: 01/08/2025 Aceptado: 07/11/2025 Publicado: 15/12/2025 UNIVERSIDAD DEL ZULIA Serbiluz Sistema de Servicios Bibliotecarios y de Información Biblioteca Digital Repositorio Académico 1 of 7 Revista Cienfica, FCV-LUZ / Vol. XXXVI https://doi.org/10.52973/rcfcv-e361762 UNIVERSIDAD DEL ZULIA Serbiluz Sistema de Servicios Bibliotecarios y de Información Biblioteca Digital Repositorio Académico Ulizaon of biological silage from shrimp processing waste as a sustainable pracce in producve performance of broiler chickens Uso del ensilado biológico de residuos del procesamiento del camarón como prácca sustentable en el rendimiento producvo del pollo de engorde Jaime Zapata-Guerra 1,2 , Gloria Ochoa-Mogollón 1,2 , Alberto Ordinola-Zapata 3 , Javier Querevalu-Ortiz 1,4 , Grazia Sanchez-Ochoa 5 , Héctor Sánchez-Suárez 1 * ¹Universidad Nacional de Tumbes. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Corrales, Tumbes, Perú. ²Grupo de invesgación Biotecnología Sustentable en alimentación y salud animal en medicina veterinaria y zootecnia. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Corrales, Tumbes, Perú. ³Universidad Nacional de Tumbes. Facultad de Ingeniería Pesquera y Ciencias del Mar. Calle Los Ceibos S/N. Puerto Pizarro, tumbes, Perú. ⁴Universidad Nacional de Tumbes. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Escuela de Agroindustrias. Av. Universitaria S/N Pampa grande, Tumbes, Perú ⁵Universidad Nacional de Frontera. Facultad de Industrias Alimentarias, Escuela de Ingeniería en Biotecnología. Av. San Hilarión N° 101. Sullana, Piura, Perú. *Autor de correspondencia: hsanchezs@untumbes.edu.pe. ABSTRACT The use of aquaculture by-products transformed into biological silage represents a environmental sustainable alternave for improving the efficiency and performance of broiler producon systems. However, scienfic evidence regarding the efficacy of biological silage formulated from Penaeus vannamei waste in broiler nutrion remains scarce. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the effects of biological silage fermented with nave bacteria on the producon performance, conversion efficiency feed, and intesnal health of broiler chickens during the growth and finisher phases, conversion efficiency, and intesnal integrity of broiler chickens during the grower and finisher stages. A completely randomized design with a Tukey mulple comparison test was used with four treatments (0 %, 10 %, 15 %, and 20 % of biological silage). The variables evaluated included body weight gain, feed conversion rao, apparent digesbility, carcass yield, economic merit, and gut morphology. In conclusion, the use of P. vannamei biological silage fermented with nave bacteria represents a sustainable and cost-effecve nutrional strategy that improves broiler performance, promotes sustainable producon using aquaculture processing waste, and reduces producon costs, offering a nutrious and funconal feed. Key words: Biological silage Penaeus vannamei; circular economy; broiler chickens; digesbility; sustainable producon RESUMEN El uso de subproductos de la acuicultura transformados en ensilado biológico representa una alternava ambiental sostenible para mejorar la eficiencia y el rendimiento de los sistemas de producción de pollos de engorde. Sin embargo, la evidencia cienfica sobre la eficacia del ensilado biológico formulado a parr de desechos de Penaeus vannamei en la nutrición de pollos de engorde sigue siendo escasa. Por lo tanto, este estudio tuvo como objevo evaluar los efectos del ensilado biológico fermentado con bacterias navas en el rendimiento producvo, la eficiencia de conversión alimencia y la salud intesnal de pollos de engorde durante las fases de crecimiento y finalización. Se ulizó un diseño completamente aleatorizado con prueba de comparación múlple de Tukey con cuatro tratamientos (0 %, 10 %, 15 % y 20 % de ensilado biológico). Las variables evaluadas incluyeron ganancia de peso corporal, índice de conversión alimencia, digesbilidad aparente, rendimiento de la canal, valor económico y morfología intesnal. En conclusión, el uso de ensilado biológico de P. vannamei fermentado con bacterias navas representa una estrategia nutricional sustentable y rentable que mejora el desempeño del pollo de engorde, promueve la producción sustentable ulizando desechos del procesamiento de la acuicultura y reduce los costos de producción, ofreciendo un alimento nutrivo y funcional. Palabras claves: Ensilado biológico; Penaeus vannamei; economía circular; pollos de engorde; digesbilidad; producción sustentable

Revista Cienfica, FCV-LUZ / Vol. XXXVI UNIVERSIDAD DEL ZULIA Serbiluz Sistema de Servicios Bibliotecarios y de Información Biblioteca Digital Repositorio Académico INTRODUCTION Convenonal protein sources for poultry (fish meal and soybean meal) represent a significant economic challenge for the poultry industry, accounng for up to 70-80 % of total producon costs [1],[2]. Therefore, there is a need to idenfy and ulize cost-effecve and sustainable alternave protein ingredients in broiler producon systems [3 , 4]. Aquaculture and the fish and shellfish processing sectors generate organic waste, between 35 and 50 % of the total weight [5 ,6], In parcular, shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) processing produces considerable volumes of waste material, including heads, shells and trimmings [7 , 8]. These wastes contain nutrients and are rich in proteins (41.1 %) [9 , 10], polysaccharides, proteins, carotenoids and fay acids [11]. Considered many of them as funconal foods, these wastes, by not having an adequate final disposal, contribute to environmental polluon and represent a lost opportunity for the recovery of resources within the framework of a circular economy [12 , 13 , 14]. In this context, a method of organic maer conservaon known as biological silage (BS) was born [15], achieved through controlled fermentaon with lacc bacteria considered as a strategy to valorize shellfish waste [16], this process improves nutrional quality, microbiological stability [17], and digesbility, while reducing its environmental impact [18 , 19]. The use of BS obtained from fish or shrimp waste processing waste has shown potenal to parally replace fishmeal in diets for broiler chickens [3], and may even improve zootechnical characteriscs such as producon performance and feed conversion efficiency [3 , 20 , 21]. Furthermore, the producon of eubioc products present in BS from fermented shrimp heads uses nave lacc acid bacteria that report improvements in chicken and hen producon [22], Lacc acid bacteria such as Lactobacillus fermentum, BS fermenter, has been shown to be efficient and increase crude protein content, along with acceptable microbiological profiles [23]. Organic fermentaon is a biotechnological method for the recovery of organic waste that offers addional improvements over chemical methods, including lower process costs, reduced labor costs, and increased safety [24], is an alternave to sustainable strategies that integrate poultry and aquaculture producon systems [25]. The exact dosage for the ulizaon of waste-based BS, specifically produced with P. vannamei residues and nave avian bacterial strains, used in broiler chicken diets is not known [23 , 26]. Knowing the usage levels can determine the expression of the producve potenal of broiler chickens and the economic viability, especially in the context of the circular economy in sustainable poultry producon [1]. Consequently, the present study aims to determine the opmal inclusion rate of shrimp waste-based BS, produced from P. vannamei heads and shells fermented with nave avian lacc acid bacteria, and to be a protein source in broiler diets [25 , 27 , 28]. promong a more sustainable and economically viable circular poultry industry [12]. MATERIALS AND METHODS The present study was conducted at the Livestock Center of the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Naonal University of Tumbes, located in the district of San Pedro de los Incas, Tumbes province and department, Peru (latude: 3°35'21.1'' S, longitude: 80°30'04.6'' W, altude: 5 m.a.s.l.). The trial was carried out between november 2022 and march 2023. A total of 40 broiler chickens (Gallus gallus domescus, Cobb line), 2 weeks of age and selected based on inial live weight average 450 grams (g) (scale, Precisur brand, Model: SF-400), were used. Birds were randomly assigned to four treatments with five replicates each, following a completely randomized design (CRD) [5]. The treatments consisted of experimental diets containing increasing levels of BS made from P. vannamei waste, fermented with nave bacteria isolated from the gastrointesnal tract of chickens. The proximate analysis of BS was: 86.1 % dry maer, 34.39 % protein, 4.69 % ether extract, 16.89 % ash, 5.98 % crude fiber and 24.01 % nitrogen-free extract. (Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Lima, Peru) The diets were as follows: T0 (0 % BS), T1 (10 %), T2 (15 %), and T3 (20 %). The BS was prepared through cooking, grinding, and anaerobic fermentaon of shrimp heads [29]. Using a mother soluon of nave lacc acid bacteria (Lactobacillus fermentum) isolated from chicken, biochemically and genecally characterized following established methodologies [8], 29]. In the process, organic acids are produced under anaerobic condions, leading to a reducon in pH due to the growth of lacc acid bacteria (LAB) [3], reaching a final acidity of 2.3 % and pH of 4.5 (Portable pH/ORP Meter, model HI 8424) and maintaining a LAB count of 10 × 10⁶ CFU [30]. The biological silage was incorporated into a basal isoproteic diet containing 18 % crude protein, formulated for the grower (21 days(d)) and finisher (14 d) phases. A histological comparison of the size of intesnal villi was performed by histological secon of chicken intesne, using the smear and comparison according to the Harris Hematoxylin and Eosin (HE) method or the one performed in pig by García et al. [29]. Each experimental unit consisted of a single bird, which were housed in individual cages within a chicken coop equipped with feeders and waterers. Temperature and venlaon were controlled with 3 meter (m) high burlap blankets. Producve variables recorded included live weight, final weight kg (WF), fine weight gain kg (FWG), daily weight gain g/d (DWG), feed intake. (using plaorm scale, Patrick's TCS-K1), feed conversion rao (FCR), apparent digesbility % (Dig) and economic merit % (ME) The data obtained were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Minitab® soſtware, followed by Tukey’s mulple comparison test at a 95 % significance level. 2 of 7

Biological silage based on shrimp waste in broiler producon / Zapata-Guerra et al. UNIVERSIDAD DEL ZULIA Serbiluz Sistema de Servicios Bibliotecarios y de Información Biblioteca Digital Repositorio Académico The stascal model used was: Yᵢⱼ = μ + Tᵢ + εᵢⱼ where Yᵢⱼ is the observed value, μ is the overall mean, Tᵢ is the treatment effect, and εᵢⱼ is the random error. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION During the experimental period, a posive effect of BS from P. vannamei waste on weight gain in broiler chickens was observed (TABLE I). TABLE I Comparison of the main producve parameters of broiler chickens with the inclusion of different doses of biological silage in the diet. TTO Final weight (kg) Fine weight gain (kg) Daily weight gain (g/d) Conversion rate (%) Digesbility (%) Economic merit (%) Crack yield (%) T1 3.01 A 1.53 A 79.27ª 1.58 B 75.34 A 91.76 A 76.1 A T2 3.15 A 1.64 A 82.48 A 1.45 BC 76.52 A 118.45 A 75.7 A T3 3.41 A 1.83 A 86.05 A 1.40 °C 75.41 A 137.79 A 75.8 A T0 2.71 B 1.33 B 64.37 B 1.75 A 73.91 B 57.39 B 75.1 A Media that do not share a leer are significantly different According to TABLE I, the highest average weight gain was recorded in treatment T3 (20 % BS) with 1.83 kg, followed by T2 (15 %) with 1.64 kg and T1 (10 %) with 1.53 kg. The control treatment T0 (0 % BS) showed the lowest gain, 1.33 kg. Treatments with incorporated BS were stascally similar to each other, but significantly different from the control treatment (P < 0.05). A similar behavior was observed for the final weight and daily weight gain values of treated broilers compared to the control, demonstrang that the inclusion of BS improves weight. The degradaon and preservaon process produces several bioacve metabolites, such as low molecular, weight pepdes, readily absorbable amino acids, and Chito oligosaccharides with recognized prebioc acvity, these metabolic outcomes are consistent whit the finding of Shabani et al. [3] and Rossi et al. [11]. Along with bioacve compounds generated by lacc acid bacteria during fermentaon that promote metabolic efficiency and intesnal microbial balance [3 , 5]. This physiological mechanism provides a jusfied explanaon for the improvements in nutrient retenon efficiency and consequent biomass accumulaon [25]. The present finding are in agreement with the model proposed by Shabani et al. [3], who correlated improvement in growth performance in aquaculture species with the administraon of hydrolyzed protein fracons derived from fish by-products in the form of silage. According to Bezerra and Fonseca [31], menon that spoed surubim EB fermented with L. brevis represents a valuable protein source that produces organic acids essenal for product preservaon and nutrional enhancement [32]. The improved results can be aributed to the protein content of BS, the presence of prebioc compounds generated during fermentaon, which are beneficial for birds, The dose- dependent improvement in producve performance appears to result from a synergisc mechanism associated with enhanced nutrient bioavailability and the formaon of funconal metabolites during the fermentaon [3 , 4]. Studies supported by Shabani et al. [3], Sun et al. [32] and Mebratu et al. [33], demonstrated that including 10 - 30 %, BS in broiler diets enhanced weight gain, nutrient digesbility, and gun health without compromising meat quality, indicate that shrimp waste BS fermented with nave bacteria represents a sustainable and cost effecve feed alternave for broiler during the grow and finish phase. The FCR considered a crical zootechnical parameter for evaluang feed efficiency [3 , 34 , 35], the dose most efficient feed ulizaon was achieved in treatment T3 (FCR = 1.40), demonstrang a posive linear relaonship between inclusion levels and producve performance. and improved the balance of intesnal health expressed in the size of intesnal villi [17]. Tanuja et al. [36] reported a less efficient FCR (3.26-3.27) for "Vanraja" broiler chickens fed acidified fish silage, highlighng the benefits of biological fermentaon with nave bacteria using BS (10 % BS) made with organic acids, formic acid (1.5 %) and HCl (1.5 %), on the other, hand more efficient FCR values between 1.60 and 1.68 by in poultry diets were reported by Sun et al. [32]. Rodríguez et al. [37] documented improvements in FCR in birds receiving diets supplemented with shrimp by- product silage. Comparable the value rao is 1.7 to 1.9 when incorporang fish waste silage from red lapia viscera treated with sulfuric (0.03 %) and formic (1.16 %) acids into poultry diets [5]. recover, fish or shrimp-based BS can effecvely replace a poron of fishmeal in broiler diets [8]. Regarding apparent feed digesbility, significant differences were detected between the BS treatments (T3, T2 y T1) and control group (T0). The highest digesbility,and observaon. 3 of 7

Revista Cienfica, FCV-LUZ / Vol. XXXVI UNIVERSIDAD DEL ZULIA Serbiluz Sistema de Servicios Bibliotecarios y de Información Biblioteca Digital Repositorio Académico Similarly of Shabani et al. [3] showed that the inclusion of fish silage improves digesve enzyme acvity and nutrient retenon, which reported increases in the producon of short- chain fay acids in the cecum, which contributes to higher digesbility. Cunha et al. [38] reported high metabolizability energy in diets with fish silage meal, aributed to protein solubility and macromolecule degradaon during fermentaon. These results highlight that paral hydrolysis of proteins during ensiling generates pepdes and amino acids of low molecular weight that are easily assimilated, favors digeson and feed efficiency in broiler chickens, without affecng their health [5 ,6]. Abun et al. [20] document a dry maer digesbility of 75.53 % using fish silages fermented with bacterial consora. The silage obtained is rich in proteins, lipids (up to 9.85 %) and minerals, with high digesbility (> 80 %), and amino acids of low molecular weight that are easily assimilated, favors digeson and feed efficiency in broiler chickens [18 , 33]. The ileal digesbility coefficient of crude protein was higher at 20 % (76.2 %), and crude fat at 20 % and 30 % in the groups receiving claw meal [33], along with bioacve compounds generated by LAB during fermentaon that promote metabolic efficiency and intesnal microbial balance [3 , 5 , 6 , 33]. The economic merit analysis indicated that the inclusion of BS markedly enhanced profitability, with treatment T3 (20 % BS) achieving the highest return (137.79 %), values of treated broilers compared to the control, this suggests that the inclusion of BS not only improves producon performance; but also reduces producon costs per kilogram of meat, due to the low cost of the raw material (P. vannamei waste) and the quality protein contribuon, these findings coincide with Shabani et al. [3], Zulfan et al. [4] and Safari et al. [35]. Confirming that the valorizaon of aquaculture waste through BS, who reported a lower cost-benefit rao in birds supplemented with marlin waste meal without affecng performance, reducing feed costs and increasing income inclusion, enhancing the economic sustainability profitability of poultry systems [18 , 19 , 34]. Regarding carcass yield, although no significant differences were observed (P > 0.05), a posive trend was evident with increasing levels of BS inclusion. With respect to carcass yield, although no significant differences were observed (P > 0.05), a posive trend was evident with the inclusion of BS. The highest yield was observed in T3 (75.78 %), followed by T2 (75.51 %), T1 (75.33 %) and T0 (75.11 %). These values exceed those reported by Boitai et al. [39], who with 10–15 % chemical fish silage obtained yields between 73.96 % and 74.9 %. Addionally, the yield of metabolic organs (gizzard, liver, heart and spleen) was higher in T3 (3.6 %) and T2 (3.7 %) compared to T0 (2.1 %). Broilers fed 30 % fish meal were more efficient at converng feed to body weight and produced the highest carcass weight [33]. No relevant differences were observed in non-edible organs, although T0 and T1 showed slightly higher values, possibly due to greater moisture retenon in birds not supplemented with BS [1 , 36]. These results suggest that the BS of P. vannamei allows to maintain or improve the performance of the carcass and metabolic organs without adverse effects, consolidang itself as a sustainable nutrional alternave, this improvement may be due to beer nutrient digesbility and gut health. Regarding intesnal health, the inclusion of BS favored the morphometry of intesnal villi in FIG. 1. The highest villus height was observed in T2 (1360 µm), followed by T1 (1168 µm), T3 (1004 µm), and T0 (946 µm). The significant morphological improvements in T2 and T3 are consistent with the findings reflect a larger absorpve surface area and a more developed intesnal mucosa, in line with those reported by Shabani et al. [3], and Mebratu et al. [33], The greatest villus width was observed in T3 (151 µm). This increase in absorpve surface area reflects more developed and funconal intesnal mucosa. Chile previous studies have evaluated fish or shrimp silage, the novelty of this research lies in the use of a bacterium nave to the avian gastrointesnal tract for fermentaon [33]. This strategy not only improves waste recovery but could also promote beer adaptaon and colonizaon of the ingredient in the avian intesnal environment, thus opmizing its funconal benefits compared to the use of chemical acidifiers or exogenous bacterial strains, who aribute these effects to a healthier gut environment and balanced microflora, improvement in jejunum morphology, increased villus height and villus/crypt rao, indicang beer nutrient absorpon [3]. FIGURE 1. Comparave morphology of the size and width of intesnal villi of the jejunum (20 cm of the duodenal loop), of treatments a) T0, b) T1, c) T2 and d) T3 of chickens accord- ing to the treatment. Soſtware used: Zeiss Labscope 4 of 7

Biological silage based on shrimp waste in broiler producon / Zapata-Guerra et al. UNIVERSIDAD DEL ZULIA Serbiluz Sistema de Servicios Bibliotecarios y de Información Biblioteca Digital Repositorio Académico It shows an increase in villus height and crypt depth with 20 % minnow meal, indicang improved nutrient absorpon [33]. Together, these findings support the use of P. vannamei BS fermented with nave bacteria as a funconal ingredient that provides high-quality protein, opmizes nutrional efficiency, and promotes intesnal health in broiler chickens [31]. Consolidang its posion as a strategic tool in sustainable poultry producon systems, sacc acid bacteria used in silage modulate the intesnal flora by increasing beneficial populaons and reducing pathogens, as highlighted by Bezerra and Fonseca [31]. This leads to a healthier environmental with less intesnal stress and increased mucosal integrity. who showed that fish waste ensilage improves villus height and crypt-to-villus rao, as well as the findings of Ibrahim et al. [40] and Dowarah et al. [41]. Highlights that generang lower intesnal stress and greater mucosal integrity. These effects may be related to, the presence of short-chain fay acids and other bioacve compounds generated during fermentaon exert trophic effects on the intesnal epithelium [3]. Therefore, the use of BS (using P. vannamei residues as raw material) in broiler chicken feed supports the use of nave bacteria as a viable fermentave organism to provide a quality protein-rich funconal feed to improve broiler chicken producon and gut health as a sustainable poultry producon tool [33]. The result demonstrates how an aquaculture byproduct, demonstrate how an aquaculture byproduct, typically considered a pollung waste, can be reintegrated into the producon chain as a valuable resource and integrated into the circular economy, closing the material loop between aquaculture and poultry farming, reducing dependence on convenonal protein sources (fishmeal, soy) and decreasing the environmental footprint of both industries. CONCLUSION Diets in which Penaeus vannamei biological silage fermented with nave bacteria was used for chicken feed significantly improved key producon parameters (weight gain, feed efficiency, and digesbility), promoted intesnal health, as reflected in intesnal villi development, and maintained carcass yield. It also reduced feed costs, improved profitability, and promoted sustainability in aquaculture and poultry farming areas. P. vannamei BS is a protein and funconal alternave. The strategy demonstrates a clear economic benefit by reducing feed costs, posioning biosilage as a viable alternave to parally replace convenonal proteins. Therefore, this work goes beyond the mere presentaon of a feed supplement and validates a concrete circular economy model, transforming aquaculture waste into a valuable resource for poultry farming, contribung to the environmental and economic sustainability of both sectors. Future research should evaluate the effect of biological silage on an industrial scale, analyze its impact on the sensory a nutrional quality of meat, and employ metagenomic techniques to accurately characterize its impact on the gun microbiome. This line of research has the potenal to consolidate the use of biological silage as a fundamental tool in sustainable animal producon. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS To the research group: “ Biotecnología Sustentable en alimentación y salud animal en Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia” with logiscs, and to the Universidad Nacional de Tumbes for its support in project funding. Conflict of interest The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES [1] Abro Z, Kassie M, Tanga CM, Beesigamukama D, Diiro G. Socio-economic and environmental implicaons of replacing convenonal poultry feed with insect- based feed in Kenya. J. Cleaner Prod. [Internet]. 2020; 265:121871. doi: hps://doi.org/gg3dds [2] Ojewola GS, Okoye FC, Ukoha OA. Comparave Ulizaon of Three Animal Protein Sources by Broiler Chickens. Int. J. Poult. Sci. [Internet]. 2025; 4(7):462-467. doi: hps:// doi.org/fnd7s4 [3] Shabani A, Boldaji F, Dastar B, Ghoorchi T, Zerehdaran S, Ashayerizadeh A. 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